Astrobiology: The Semester in Review

1. Astrobiology:The Semester in Review HNRS 353 – SPRING 2019 with Dr. Harold Geller

2. A Universe of Life • Searching for life everywhere • Planets, stars, galaxies, Big Bang • Conception of size and distance • Stars and the origins of chemicals • Formation of planets • Defining astrobiology – the science

3. iClicker Question The nebular condensation model of the formation of the solar system suggests that __________ should condense closest to the Sun. A Jovian planets B metals and metal oxides C sulfates D ices of water, methane, and ammonia E low density materials

4. The Science of Life in the Universe • Ancient cosmologies • Science as the way to know the universe • Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton • Pseudoscience and nonsense

5. The Nature of Life • What is it? • Cells • Metabolism • DNA • Extremophiles

6. iClicker Question Life on Earth is based on A silicon chemistry. B helium chemistry. C carbon chemistry. D oxygen chemistry. E nitrogen chemistry.

7. The chemical building blocks of life are found throughout space • All life on Earth, and presumably on other worlds, depends on organic (carbon-based) molecules • These molecules occur naturally throughout interstellar space • Organic molecules needed for life to originate were possibly brought to the young Earth by comets or asteroids, as well as being formed on Earth

8. The Geological History of the Earth • Geologic Timescale • Plate Tectonics • Solid Earth • Greenhouse Effect • Relative/Absolute Dating

9. iClicker Question The greenhouse gas effect occurs because A carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light and opaque to infrared radiation. B carbon dioxide is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to ultraviolet radiation. C ozone is transparent to ultraviolet radiation and opaque to infrared radiation. D methane is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to visible light. E the sun emits more infrared radiation than ultraviolet radiation.

10. The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth • Origin of Life • Prokaryotes • Eukaryotes • Oxygen in Air • Impacts & Extinctions • Human Evolution

11. Another likely source for organic molecules is chemical reactions in the Earth’s primitive atmosphere • Similar processes may occur on other worlds

12. Searching for Life in the Solar System • Environmental Needs • In the Solar System

13. Mars • Science Fiction • Search for Life • Martian Meteorites • Exploration

14. The Viking Lander spacecraft searched for microorganisms on the Martian surface, but found no conclusive sign of their presence

15. Two NASA rovers reached Mars in 2004 at locations that once had water

16. “Faces” on Mars

20. From Curiosity briefing at AGU in S.F., CA 12/3/12 [after much media hype that was a misunderstanding of statements made by NASA scientists] "SAM results show that the Rocknest sand drift does NOT contain abundant organics”

21. Meteorites from Mars have been scrutinized for life-forms • An ancient Martian rock that came to Earth as a meteorite was examined for evidence that microorganisms once existed on Mars • This has not been corroborated

22. Life on Jovian Moons • Europa • Titan • Others

23. Europa and Mars best potential for life to have evolved • Besides Earth, only two worlds in our solar system—the planet Mars and Jupiter’s satellite Europa—may have had the right conditions for the origin of life • Mars once had liquid water on its surface, though it has none today • Life may have originated on Mars during the liquid water era • Europa appears to have extensive liquid water beneath its icy surface • Future missions may search for the presence of life

24. The Nature and Evolution of Habitability • Habitability Zone • Past, Present, Future

25. The Search for Habitable Worlds • Planet Formation • Extrasolar Planets (>1000) • Detection Methods • “Earth-like” Planets

26. Infrared telescopes in space began searching for Earthlike planets • A new generation of orbiting telescopes may be able to detect terrestrial planets around nearby stars • If such planets are found, their infrared spectra may reveal the presence or absence of life

27. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence • SETI • Drake Equation

28. The Drake equation helps scientists estimate howmany civilizations may inhabit our Galaxy

29. The Geller ETI Sex Equation? • Consider the number of ETI life forms with whom humans could successfully have sexual relations: • Where: • Sx = Number of ETI civilizations with whom humans could have sexual relations. • N = Number of civilizations in The Milky Way Galaxy with electromagnetic emissions. • fs = Fraction of ETIs with dextro sugar stereo-isomers. • faa = Fraction of ETIs with levo amino acid stereo-isomers. • fcod = Fraction of ETIs with same codon interpretation. • fchr = Fraction of ETIs with same chromosomal length. • fmem = Fraction of ETIs with same cell membrane structure to allow egg penetration.

30. iClicker Question The Drake equation allows us to estimate A the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy. B the number of stars in our galaxy. C the number of people on the Earth. D the lifespan of a civilization. E the lifespan of a species.

31. Interstellar Travel • How realistic? • Engineering • Limited by c • Relativity and time dilation • Wormholes and hyperspace?

32. iClicker Question What limitation(s) make it close to impossible to travel, round trip, between stars? I. Fuel requirements II. The tremendous distances between stars III. The finite speed at which objects can travel A I B I and II C III D II and III E I, II and III

33. The Fermi Paradox • Where are the aliens? • Galactic colonization • Resolving the paradox

34. Contact – Implications of the Search and Discovery • Can we make contact • Which kind 1st, 2nd, 3rd • Contact implications

35. Radio searches for alien civilizations are under way • No signs of intelligent life have yet been detected • searches are continuing and using increasingly sophisticated techniques • The so-called water hole is a range of radio frequencies in which there is little noise and little absorption by the Earth’s atmosphere • scientists suggest that this noise-free region would be well suited for interstellar communication

36. If an alien civilization were someday to find this message, which of the features on the plaque do you think would be easily understandable to them?

37. Differences and chance cause variation No measurement is exact Bias is rife Bigger is usually better for sample size Correlation does not imply causation Regression to the mean can mislead Extrapolating beyond the data is risky Beware the base-rate fallacy Controls are important Randomization avoids bias Seek replication, not pseudoreplication Scientists are human Significance is significant Separate no effect from non-significance Effect size matters Study relevance limits generalizations Feelings influence risk perception Dependencies change the risks Data can be dredged or cherry picked Extreme measurements may mislead 20 Tips for Interpreting Scientific Claims

39. Extraterrestrial Altruism Astrosociology: A multidisciplinary study combining astrobiology and sociology

40. Book with Contributions from Honors Students

41. Astrobiology in One Sentence • The universe is unimaginably large, and alive; you are not at the center of the universe; and, the way to know the universe is through science • Dr. Harold Geller HAVE A GREAT SUMMER