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International Standard and Guidelines: Health and Agriculture Aspects

International Standard and Guidelines: Health and Agriculture Aspects. ( Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11-13.12.2005). Christine Werner Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation program, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure.

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International Standard and Guidelines: Health and Agriculture Aspects

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  1. International Standard and Guidelines: Health and Agriculture Aspects (Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11-13.12.2005) Christine Werner Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation program, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  2. Contents • WHO Guidelines • 1989 version: Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture • 2005 version (upcoming): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater • EcoSanRes Guidelines • Guidelines on  the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems • Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production • FAO Guidelines • FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47: wastewater treatment and use in agriculture (1992) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  3. WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture (1989) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  4. New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater • Upcoming WHO guidelines, update of the guidelines from 1989, publication planned in 2006 • 3 Volumes: • safe use of wastewater in agriculture • safe use of wastewater in aquaculture • safe use of excreta and greywater Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  5. New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater • Reuse of wastewater, greywater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture is practiced worldwide on a large scale, however often without sufficient health proctction measures • WHO recognise the importance of reuse of wastewater, greywater and excreta for sustainable food production and improved livelihood • WHO provides guidance on health protection measures for safe reuse • WHO recognise source-separation as a special and valid approach source: GTZ Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  6. New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater The new WHO-guidelines are: • …based on: • scientific consensus and best available evidence, • health based targets • good practices and a multiple-barrier approach • …to be adapted to local social, economic, and environmental factors • …striving to maximize overall public health benefits and the beneficial use of scarce resources source: GTZ source: GTZ Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  7. new WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater key issue: better methodologies for evaluating risk • previous guidelines were based on actual risks using epidemiological evidence • updated guidelines make use of all available evidence including Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA-models) • data on different pathogens are used to develop • health based targets, • required pathogen reduction and • miocrobial performance targets of wastewater and excreta treatment systems source: GTZ source: GTZ Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  8. New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater Definition: Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) • DALYs are a measure of population health in terms of the burden due to a specific disease or risk factor. • DALYs attempt to measure healthy years of life lost because of disability or death from a disease • DALYs account for not only acute health effects but also for delayed and chronic effects • different health outcomes (e.g., cancer vs diarrhea) can be compared and risk management decisions can be prioritized. • adopted protection level for wastewater/excreta use in agriculture in the new WHO guideline:tolerable additional disease burden <= 10-6 DALYs or 1 µDaly per person and year= only one of a million human life years expectancy will be lost due to the potential additional disease from wastewater/excreta reuse= same protection level as used in the WHO guideline for drinking water Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  9. New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater • Pathogen reductions achievable by various health protection measures for wastewater use in agriculture Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  10. New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  11. Verification monitoring of wastewater treatment for the various levels of wastewater treatment in Options A−G: E.coli Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  12. Health-based targets for treated wastewater use in agriculture: helminth eggs Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  13. Example: agricultural use of wastewater, Peru • Coastal region of Peru: extremely arid • Wastewater treatment in stabilisation ponds • Irrigation with treated effluent for restricted crops source: Saniplan Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  14. Example: greywater recycling through sub-surface application, India • Use of greywater in mulch trenches Mulch filled trench or pit source: GTZ Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  15. Guidelines on  the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes) • public health issues of agricultural reuse of urine and faeces Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  16. guidelines on  the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems(EcoSanRes) • focuses on the treatment and handling of faeces and urine, provides current information on risk management and assessment of source separation strategies • technical and behavioural barriers against disease transmission, sanitation treatment methods, reuse in agriculture • the scope of guideline is limited to products from urine diversion devices and dry collection systems for faeces. Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  17. Guidelines on  the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes) Recommendations for urine treatment and use: • The main risks in the use of excreta are related to the faecal fraction and not the urine fraction. • Technical constructions should be done in ways to minimize faecal crosscontamination. • At household level the urine can be used directly. • Urine should, in large-scale systems, be stored for one month at 20°C before use. • A withholding period of one month between fertilization and harvest should be applied. • Urine should be applied close to ground and preferably mixed with or watered into the soil. Urine strogae in Sweden (Gebers) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  18. Guidelines on  the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes) Recommendations for faeces treatment and use: • Faeces should be treated before use as fertilizer. • Primary treatment (in the toilet) includes storage and alkaline treatment by addition of ash, lime or urea. • 1-2 cups (200-500 ml; enough to cover the fresh faeces) of alkaline material should be added after each defecation. • Faeces should additionally be mixed into the soil in such a way that they are well covered. • Faeces should not be used for fertilization of vegetables, fruits or root crops that are to be consumed raw, excluding fruit trees. Dried faeces (GTZ)) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  19. Guidelines on  the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes) • Recommended storage time and treatment for faeces Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  20. Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production (EcoSanRes) • Agronomic issues of agricultural reuse of urine and faeces Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  21. Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production(EcoSanRes) • Requirements regarding re-using of excreta for agricultural purposes, including plant growth, nutirents in excreta, hygiene treatment of urine and faeces, etc. are discussed. • Recommendations on using excreta in cultivation are given. • It emphasizes that urine and faeces are complete fertilizers. Urine is rich in nitrogen and faeces are rich in phosphorous, potassium and organic matter. • guideline is limited to products from urine diversion devices and dry collection systems for faeces. source: GTZ source: GTZ Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  22. Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production (EcoSanRes) Recommendations for use of urine in cultivation: • Urine is a quick-acting nitrogen-rich complete fertilizer. Best effects from prior to sowing, up until two-thirds of the period between sowing and harvest. • Recommended application rate and time should be based on the desired nitrogen application rate (based on local recommendations for chemical nitrogen fertilizers) • Rule of thumb: apply the urine from one person during one day (24 hours) to one square metre of crop. (= 300-400 m2 per person and year) Fotos: Urine reuse in Havanna, Cuba (GTZ) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  23. Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production (EcoSanRes) Recommendations for use of faeces in cultivation: • Faeces should be applied and mixed into the soil before cultivation starts. Local application in holes or furrows close to the planned plants allows for economic use • The application rate can be based on the current recommendation for the use of phosphorous-based fertilizers (low application rate with little improvement due to the added organic matter) • Faeces can also be applied at much higher rates for improving structure and water-holding capacity of the soil source: GTZ Fotos: Compost from faeces in Havanna, Cuba (GTZ) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  24. improved soil quality through reuse of organics • restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse faeces & urine none urine source: Petter Jenssen source: Vinnerås, 2003 compost improved soil untreated soil after one week without water Beneficial effects of agricultural use of urine and faeces source: GTZ Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  25. FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47: Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture Covers health aspects and agronomic aspects of reuse of wastewater in agriculture • Draws on the WHO Guidelines (1989) for health protection measures Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  26. FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47: Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture • FAO guidelines define use restrictions with respect to salinity, trace elements, nitrogen, etc. in order to not produce negative effects on productivity and yields. • Blending conventional water with treated effluent, or using the two sources in rotation is possible. • This means that nutrients elimination in wastewater treatment is not necessary if reclaimed water can be blended with normal irrigation water. source: GTZ Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  27. Potential irrigation problem units Degree of restriction on use Salinity (Ecw1 ) dS/m < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.0 Slight to moderate none severe Na, surface irrigation me/I < 4 4 - 10 > 10 Na, sprinkler irrigation m3/l < 3 > 3 Nitrogen (NO3-N)3 mg/l < 5 5 - 30 > 30 pH Normal range 6.5-8 FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47: wastewater treatment and use in agriculture • Water quality guidelines for maximum crop production(example) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

  28. Element Recommended maximum concentration (mg/l) Remarks Cd 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solutions. Conservative limits recommended due to its potential for accumulation in plants and soils to concentrations that may be harmful to humans. Cu 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l in nutrient solutions. Zn 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at pH > 6.0 and in fine textured or organic soils. Pd 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations. FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47: wastewater treatment and use in agriculture • Threshold levels of trace elements for crop production (example) Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

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