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European mid-century Culture. Milliners Edward Degas. 19th Century Timeline. 1815 Congress of Vienna 1830 Revolutions sweep through Europe 1848 Second wave of Revolutions 1853 Crimean War begins 1859 Darwin Origin of Species 1861 American Civil War 1866 Unification of Germany begins.
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European mid-century Culture Milliners Edward Degas
19th Century Timeline • 1815 Congress of Vienna • 1830 Revolutions sweep through Europe • 1848 Second wave of Revolutions • 1853 Crimean War begins • 1859 Darwin Origin of Species • 1861 American Civil War • 1866 Unification of Germany begins
France • King Charles X overthrown in 1830 • Tried to implement a reactionary policy • Wants aristocracy to return to previous power • dissolves Chamber of Deputies after censorship, increasing Catholic power and reimbursing emigres • Forced to abdicate • Louis-Phillippe comes to power • moderates direct the radical Paris riot • “citizen king” • victory of the upper bourgeoisie • “democracy of the rich”.
Revolutions of 1848 France • riots throughout nation • bread shortages, crop failure, horrible economy • government blamed for problems • (remember this government was established during the last riots in 1830) • banquets as a means of political assembly • rising power of socialist ideas.
Revolutions of 1848 France • revolutionary group is primarily middle class • establishment of workshops • decrease unemployment, provide food for workers • massive numbers • cancellation of workshops • rioting by workers • reaction by France • Louis Napoleon elected.
Revolutions of 1848 Germany • German nationalism intensifies • primary activists are the intelligentsia • economic depression prompts activity • artisans competing with industrialization • peasants riot • fears of anarchy leads German princes to make concessions to Constitutionalism.
Revolutions of 1848 Germany • Prussia backs down • army suggests using artillery on Berlin! • success leads intellectuals to push for German national assembly • Gross vs. Kleindeutsch • offer crown to Prussian King Frederick William • crushing of the revolutionaries.
Revolutions of 1848 • Assessment • all revolutions in Central Europe started well, but ultimately were defeated • thousands killed or fled to America • class divisions weakened revolutionary activities - only temporary alliances allowed initial victories • all French men can now vote, serfdom abolished in Austria and German states, establishment of Parliaments throughout central Europe.
Science and Culture • Notion that the world was governed by laws • scientific reasoning begins to be applied to everything • idea that observing the world was insufficient - now the concept of changing the world and environment became increasingly important • middle of a Trans-Atlantic religious revival - focusing on the revealed word of God.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Scientist from England • 5 year journey on the HMS Beagle • concludes many plants and animal species have emerged over time • this challenges the notion of Biblical infallibility as laid down in Genesis.
Charles Darwin After examining the different types of birds in the Galapagos he arrives at the concept of NATURAL SELECTION • 1859 Origins of Species • 1871 Descent of Man.
Charles Darwin • Darwinism and Christianity • fundamentalists versus Darwinists • compromise • Scopes “monkey trial” • Social Darwinism • apply natural selection to society • results? • Justification for increased racism, imperialism, militarism • used to apply racial characteristics to nations.
Frederick Chopin (1810-1849) • Musician • Romantic and brilliant • Famous pianist • Well known for his compositions • Best known for his improvisation.
Claude Monet (1840-1926) • Painter • Most influential of all the impressionists • Open to stimuli from around the world • New era in painting.
Anarchism • Attack on capitalism • what do they believe? • Abolish the state • total equality and freedom for all people • some felt that terrorism was the way to bring capitalism crashing down • who believed in anarchism? • Disillusioned workers - those for whom socialism was too tame.
Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) • Russian political expression • Son of a Russian noble • fled tsar’s army and studied in the west • gets arrested during German revolution of 1848 • turned over to Tsar’s government - escapes from Siberia • believes secret societies will lead uprising • feared establishment of a new crop of leaders after the abolishment of capitalism.
Early feminism • Women begin protesting lack of equality in the workplace • begins with the anti-slavery movement • treatment at the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in London 1840 • “officially” begins in the United States in 1848 with the Seneca Falls Declaration • conversion of Declaration of Independence • most controversial was notion of “woman’s suffrage”.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) • British philosopher • values freedom of thought and expression • On Liberty (1859) • individual freedom and minority rights • harm principle • political or social coercion harm society • fears state as a threat to liberty.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Seeks to explain society, psychology • developer of psychoanalysis • division of the self - ego, id, superego • sublimation of sexual energy for the benefit of civilization • work on dreams.
