Scientific innovations and applications-

1. Scientific innovations and applications- the key to growth and sustenance of quality of life in the 21st century KapilaGunasekera, ShibalikChakraborty, Chad Holbrook, SriramRavindren and VignaroobanKandasamy, and PunitBoolchand University of Cincinnati http://www.ece.uc.edu/~pboolcha/

7. 25 new discoveries of 2012 , Time Magazine, Nov. 12, 2012

11. Solar –powered distiller

13. States of matter Liquids → Solids water ice (disordered) (ordered) These are “atomicnetworks”

14. Liquid • ●Disordered • ●Flow Tf or Tl Tc Tg Glass Transition Glass Frozen Liquid Solid • ●Ordered • ●Supports Shear • ●Disordered • ●Supports Shear

15. ●What is so special about these very select melts that can bypass crystallization and form a glass? ● Here I will show you that these melts possess an ideal connectivity. ●There are deep theoretical, applied and technological consequences of this finding.

16. Quartz (SiO2) Crystal

17. Corning Glass • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVxj6gRYwS0 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCR8NDq-jmw&feature=fvsr

18. 3 4 5 6 7

19. Si crystal structure

20. Disordered- Ordered

21. Tetrahedral Coordination ● “r”, Coordination number, = 4 ●6 bond angles but only 5 are independent ●4 bonds ●Each bond-angle and bond-length serves as mechanical constraints. nc = 5 + 2 = 7 ● nc = 2r-3 + r/2 = ( 5/2)r - 3 1 2 0 4 3

22. Chain structure of crystalline Selenium r = 2 nc = (5/2)r – 3 = 2 2 1 3

23. Degrees of freedom An atom moving in a 3D space can move either along the x-axis, or the y-axis or the z-axis. “An atom in 3D space has 3 degrees of freedom”.

24. Ideal networks ? ● Ideal networks form when the degrees of freedom exactly match the count of mechanical constraints. Thus, for example, a 3D network would be ideal if every atom in the network had 3 constraints on an average. ● Si is an example of a highly over-constrained network. There are nc = 7 constraints/atom. ● On the other hand, Se is an example of an under-constrained network, since nc = 2.

25. How are we to get an ideal network out Si and Se? ● If we were to mix 20 atoms of Si with 80- atoms of Se, what would be the count of constraints for such a mixture? ●nc of a mixture of Si20Se80 composition, = 7 x 0.20 + 2 x 0.80 = 3.0 would become ideal !!!! ●And one might expect these binary melts/ glasses to show anomalies near 20% of Si.

26. In nature the glass forming tendency is optimized near this magic connectivity of nc = 3 !!!! - J.C. Phillips 1979 (Jour. Non Cryst. Solids)

27. Thermally reversing window in binary GexSe100-x bulk glasses X.Feng et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78,4422(1997). P.B et al. in Rigidity and IPs , Chapter 1, Pp1-36 (2009). S.Bhosle et al. Sol.St. Commun. 151, 1851(2011)

28. Window Glass Self-organization in oxide glass Computer Science Satisfiability Problems Electrical Eng. Thin-film gate dielectrics Intermediate phases in glasses Solid State Physics Pairing in Oxide Superconductors Biological Sciences Protein folding Functional Disordered networks Each may have at its base a self-organized phase that endows these systems with unusual functionalities. PB, G.Lucovsky, J.C.Phillips and M.F.Thorpe, Phil. Mag.85, 3823 (2005).