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Shell Humanitarian Project: Jamaican House Design. EDSGN 100 Section 2 Sponsor: Shell Team As-Is Date:12-17-07 Submitted To: Professor Andrew Lau. Team As-Is. Temppest Reed - www.tkr114@psu.edu , www.cede.psu.edu/~tkr114 Sattam Alotaibi- www.saa206@psu.edu www.cede.psu.edu/~saa206
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Shell Humanitarian Project: Jamaican House Design EDSGN 100 Section 2 Sponsor: Shell Team As-Is Date:12-17-07 Submitted To: Professor Andrew Lau
Team As-Is • Temppest Reed - www.tkr114@psu.edu, www.cede.psu.edu/~tkr114 • Sattam Alotaibi- www.saa206@psu.edu www.cede.psu.edu/~saa206 • Isaac Haviland- www.iwh5012@psu.edu www.cede.psu.edu/~iwh5012 • Shane Hays- www.sah331@psu.edu, www.cede.psu.edu/~sah331
Problem Statement • Our goal was to design a house based upon the principles of sustainable energy that would be put to use by the Mustard Seed communities in Jamaica. It had to satisfy the needs of four people with a degree of comfort. Its systems include: water treatment, shelter, energy and waste management. Each system had to be designed with sustainability, eco-efficiency, location and culture in mind. The systems had to be self supporting and provide the house with all of its basic needs for many years with minimal assistance from non-local sources. We were to keep the geography and climate in mind so the house could maximize its usefulness in the given area. In the end it had to make a positive impact on the community economically, environmentally and socially.
Table Of Contents Problem Statement Executive Summary Research Analysis & Detailed Description: Water, Waste, and Energy Cottage Features Cottage Walkthrough
Executive Summary The design of the cottage is required to supply housing for a minimum of four people. They must all have separate beds and there must be a bathroom. Another requirement was that the house had to be completely self sustainable. Our cottage has two bedrooms, a bathroom, and a small kitchen which also can be used as a social room. Some of the special features that our house has are a porch with furniture, and a refrigerator.
Research - Waste “Soilboxes: A soilbox is a box designed to allow greywater to filter through it while plants grow on top of it. Such boxes have been in use since the 1970s. Since the box must be well-drained, it is first layered with rocks, pea gravel, or other drainage material. This is covered with screening, then a layer of coarse sand is added, followed by finer sand; two feet of top soil is added to finish it off. Soilboxes can be located indoors or outdoors, either in a greenhouse, or as part of a raised-bed garden system.” <http://weblife.org/humanure/chapter9.html> “Technologies- Composting Toilets: If bought from a manufacturer, it would be between $1500 and $2000. Building the toilet would result in a much lower cost. The materials needed would be plastic, wood, rubber seals, tubing (vent), fan for vent, other essential tools for production.” www.sun-mar.com Research Analysis It was important that we found a way to turn any waste we could into something beneficial to the community. We can use all grey water to grow plants, but brown water still needs to be cleaned up and shipped away every so often.
Research - Energy “Most simple - barrel-on-roof system – consists of black container under glass mounted on roof This website gives information for the consumer about possible solar water heating models. http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/waterheating.htm” Need a back up for cloudy days Water pressure calculation Pwater (psi) = 62.4 lb/ft3 x height(ft) x 1ft/144in2 How the water will get circulated/stored – simple? How much room it will take up/storage? How much does it cost? Maintenance Structural strength in high wind Energy
Energy II Efficiency for solar panel is around 15% Battery for cottage Wouldn’t it be around 7000 watt hours? (~1038 wh/day) We’re going to use batteries that provide 200 watt hours so that the battery can charge in one day to provide energy for a week (~43 wh/day). This provides a backup in case of extended periods of rain. The life of these batteries (deep cycle lead acid) is approximately four to eight years. They will cost from $200 - $1200 depending on the amp-hours and the voltage of the batteries. Where does this battery come from? Numbers don’t agree? We will need one battery which cost about $250. This battery would be 12V and 200 amp-hours. We will need one or possibly two solar panels to charge the battery. The panels charge the battery during solar time and the battery’s charge would convert to usable energy during non-solar time. <http://store.altenergystore.com/Batteries/Batteries-Flooded-Lead-Acid/c435/page/1/sort/5d/>, <http://www.solarhome.org/>
Energy II Continued Research Analysis We made use of Jamaica’s abundant sunlight and have decided to use solar power as the main source of energy. Using two 5x5 panels we should be able to supply enough power to the house. By using a hank cranked water pump and long lasting light bulbs among other things we can minimize the need for electrical energy, but it is still a viable option should the residents need it. Some energy will be stored in a battery that will work as a backup source should the sun fail to shine for days. There is a solar water heater so that less electricity is used, but should the sun fail to shine the residents can use electricity as a backup heater.
Research - Water Q: What is the water consumption of the village? A: There are 5 residents per home and about 100 cottages, plus the support staff. We are waiting on the study to tell us the water consumption. We plan on putting gutters on all of the roofs to drain into a tank for storage. http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=1671 As rainwater may be contaminated, it is often not considered suitable for drinking without treatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater being used for all purposes — including drinking — following suitable treatment.Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain animal and bird feces, mosses and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell;[5] the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of water to waste, as described above.
Research – Water II • The water may need to be analysed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In Gansu province, for example, harvested rainwater is boiled in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking.[citation needed] In Brazil alum and chlorine is added to disinfect water before consumption.[citation needed]Appropriate technology methods such as solar water disinfection, provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking. http://www.metservice.gov.jm/documents/Mean_Climatological_Data.pdf
Water III Research Analysis Water treatment was meant to be easy and require little maintenance. All water is run through a filter to remove any objects in the water, and a chlorinator will keep all drinking water free of germs. We extended the life of the chlorinator by bypassing it when dealing with shower water since complete clarity is not needed to bathe in. Since we are relying on rainwater we have a large storage tank so if there are many dry days in a row the residents should still be able to drink their normal share. While it rains particularly hard during only 3 months of the year, rain occurs fairly often year round so we expect the house to never go for more than 4-5 days without new water.
Research - Shelter Using Bauxite mining waste to create bricks for buildings: <http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-2691-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html> The Jamaican Institute of Architects has endorsed red mud building products on a conditional basis, providing that they meet local building standard requirements. Miscellaneous relevant information – Ignore the design. http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Architecture/4-183Spring2004/95268E7D-A137-40E6-9831-BBD63E79FE70/0/finallin.pdf Tropical Climate Building Materials http://www.fema.gov/pdf/rebuild/mat/fema499/hgcc_fact08.pdf
Shelter II Research Analysis The residences being situated at a former Bauxite mine; it would make sense that we use bauxite brick to construct the houses. Insulation is almost not needed since it never drops to cold temperatures, so as long as it keeps the environment out while still being fairly comfortable then it will work well. Situating the windows properly will let the residents take advantage of the sun to light the house during as much of the day as possible to further conserve energy. Corrugated roofs will ensure that most rainwater will go towards the gutters and into the water treatment/storage tank.
Analysis and Description Water The water system will be supplied by rain water and will be collected with a gutter system attached to the roof. There will be screens over the gutters to filter any large debris and then the rain water will be stored in an elevated tank on the ground beside the house. The water for drinking will be filtered through a process known as chlorination. This process would require the addition of a hypochlorite. This process is fast acting and disinfects harmful microorganism in the water that could cause illness. Excessive amounts of hypochlorite could be harmful so someone in the house hold would have to be trained to completely understand how much to add.
Analysis and Description Water Continued The storage tank would have a capacity of 150 gallons. This amount should be sufficient to provide water for 8 to 10 days if there were to be a drought. The water will be replenished every time it rains. The tank will piped to a batch solar water heater and also to both sinks and the shower in the house. The drains will be piped to the soil box so the water can be cleaned and put back into nature. The water line connected to the shower will be separate from the sinks because we do not feel that the shower water needs to be filtered. There will also be a hand crank pump to provide water pressure to the system. The hand pump should only need to be cranked once a day for about 10 minutes depending on the usage of water in the house hold.
Analysis and Description Waste The waste system includes a composting toilet and a soil box. The purpose of using a composting toilet is that it cuts water use and cuts waste being the waste is able to be used as a fertilizer possibly for a garden. A generic brand of a composting toilet can run form $745 to about $ 1,000.We recommend that the composting toilet be a Continuous (Single-Chamber) toilet that features a single chamber into which excrement is added to the top, and the end-product is removed from the bottom. Since the average person excretes about 1.5 liters of urine a day and 1 kg of fecal matter we think that a single chamber toilet would work the best. In order to reach the chamber of the toilet residents would have to go under the cellar in order to dispose the waste.
Analysis and Description Waste Continued The composting toilet system is easy to use and affordable to maintain. Because some times the components of the composting toilets needs maintenance such as bolts rusting and parts breaking down due to overloading of waste the typical maintenance normally cost around $56 per year. The composting toilet will be about. The drainage from the shower, toilet, and sink will go to a treatment box and then go to a soil box outside in order to fertilize our garden.
Analysis and Description Schematics for waste system
Analysis and Description Cellar door Soil box
Analysis and Description Energy When thinking about how to provide lighting to our cottage there are many types of systems to use. One of the most efficient ways to light the cottage is by solar panels since Jamaica has sunlight a majority of the year and its rainiest seasons being on October and November solar panels about 5x5 ft would be used to produce about 5kwh/day Photovoltaic's, or PV. Solar panels are a good choice because they reduce CO2 emissions and provide pollution free energy usage. They provide power to the cottage the water pump and lighting when needed. By taking advantage of natural daylight whenever possible we hope to use solar energy as our primary energy source. During the evening hours the solar panel will generate electricity from its battery and light the cottage using high-efficiency fluorescent lights. The 200 Amp/hr battery should have enough energy that lasts about 1 week. The fluorescent light bulbs are qualified bulbs that are mostly energy star efficient and use about 75 percent less energy than standard incandescent bulbs and last up to 10 times longer.
Analysis and Description Energy Continued When it comes to heating the cottage we plan on using a simple batch solar water heater operating system. This operating system is basic but very effective and can supply the house with enough hot water for 5 gallons per person per day using a 20 gallon water tank. The house will generate about 50% of hot water a day since the water is constantly being reheated by the solar panels this will occur because water will be supplied throughout the cottage for drinking purposes, and hygiene use i.e. washing hands and showering thus the solar heater will generate consistent warm water mixture and it is best to use the shower in the evening hours around 5 or 6 pm because the solar heater has already reached its maximum capacity for hot water. The system is connected to the roof of the house requires hand crank in order for it to flow through the pipes into the house. The Estimated cost is $1,060.Because some times the components of the composting toilets needs maintenance such as bolts rusting and parts breaking down due to overloading of waste the typical maintenance normally cost around $56 per year.
Analysis and Description Schematics for solar water heater Schematics for lighting house
Analysis and Description Batch Solar Water Heater
Analysis and Description Solar Panels
Cottage Features 2 Bedrooms
