Dwight D. Eisenhower, our 34th President of the United States

1. Dwight D. Eisenhower, our 34th President of the United States

2. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Born on: October 14,1890 in 208 East Day Street in Denison, Texas. Eisenhower was also the first president to be born in this state. Nickname:  "Ike" School: Abilene High School in Abilene, Kansas and the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Religion: Presbyterian  Political Party: Republican Occupation: Solider, Commander, General,Military Governor, and President Died: March 28,1969 Personal Quality: Optimistic BACKGROUND

3. Father: David Jacob Eisenhower - mechanic and manager.Mother: Ida Elizabeth Stover - A deeply religious pacifist.Siblings: Five brothers: Arthur Bradford Eisenhower Edgar Newton Eisenhower Roy Jacob Eisenhower Earl Dewey Eisenhower Milton Stover Eisenhower Wife: Marie "Mamie" Geneva Doud - She moved with her husband many times before retiring at the end of his presidency.Children: One son - John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower. (Deceased - Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower at the age of 3 of scarlet fever) FAMILY

4. POLITICAL RISE TO PRESIDENCY • He resigned from the Army on February 7, 1948 to serve as president of Columbia University. •  In 1950, at President Truman's request Eisenhower took a leave of absence from Columbia to command the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.  As Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, during the following two years he would stay in touch with Columbia and especially with the American Assembly, a university innovation to which he had devoted substantial energy and time. •  On June 1, 1952 Eisenhower returned to the United States to campaign actively for the presidency. • The fight for the Republican nomination was largely between General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio. •  Eisenhower campaigned by attacking the failures of the outgoing Administration, and promising to go to Korea and resolve the war. • When Eisenhower enlisted into the Military, participating in the War Departments, he accompanied Gen. Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines as an assistant military advisor; his principal duty was helping MacArthur and his staff develop a viable Filipino Army. • Following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Eisenhower was again called to the War Department where Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall placed him in charge of plans for the Pacific War. • Two months later, Marshall promoted him to chief of the War Plans Division where he received his second general’s star. • In June 1942, Marshall sent him to England on a special mission to build cooperation among the Allies as Commanding General, U.S. Army, European Theater. • General Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from November 1945 until February 1948.

5. POLITICAL June 4, 1952: Announced his candidacy for the Republican Party nomination for President in Abilene, Kansas.  The stalemated war in Korea, corruption in the Truman administration, and Communist subversion were the issues that Republicans emphasized throughout the campaign. Eisenhower held a clear lead over his opponent Stevenson in the polls, as voters looked to Eisenhower to clean up what even Stevenson had called 'the mess in Washington. One of Eisenhower's most difficult political problems involved Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, who had been in headlines since 1950 because of his charges that Communist spies or sympathizers held high positions in the federal government. In 1954, Americans got a good look at McCarthy in action when he held televised hearings on Communist influence in the U.S. Army & the Senate voted to censure McCarthy. Never again was the senator a major force in national politics. Before the 1956 campaign, he dealt with a heart-attack, unsure of pursuing a second term. However, His recovery pleased all, winning the election again. Eisenhower was the first candidate since Zachary Taylor to win the presidency without having his party gain a majority of seats in either the House or the Senate. The election of 1956 was a resounding personal victory for Eisenhower but not a triumph for the Republican Party. In 1957, he signed the first civil rights legislation since the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. The law provided new federal protection for voting rights. In 1960, Eisenhower signed a second civil rights law, but it provided only small advances over the earlier law. The President also used his constitutional powers, where he believed that they were clear and specific, to advance desegregation, for example, in federal facilities in the nation's capital. Eisenhower refused to use his moral authority as President to advance the cause of civil rights  After elected, but before inaugurated, Eisenhower went to Korea end Korean War, but was unsuccessful. In 1953, U.S. officials sent indirect hints to the Chinese government that Eisenhower may expand the war into China or even use nuclear weapons. In 1954, he used U.S. military power in the Taiwan Strait when PRC attacked the Nationalist Chinese islands of Quemoy and Matsu. The crisis escalated when he declared at a news conference that he would authorize the use of nuclear weapons against military targets “exactly as you would use a bullet.” U.S. and PRC negotiators met in occasional negotiations, but a second Taiwan Strait crisis occurred in 1958. PIRATES

6.   POLITICAL continued... The "Spirit of Geneva" eased tensions between the Soviets and the United States. Khrushchev rejected Eisenhower's proposal for an "Open Skies" program that allows both sides to use aerial surveillance to gather information about each other's military capabilities. A year later, the President authorized the CIA top-secret flights over the Soviet Union by using the brand-new high altitude U-2 reconnaissanc planes. In 1956, Eisenhower decided not to take action to aid the Hungarian freedom-fighters since any intervention carried the risk of a U.S.-Soviet war that could lead to a nuclear exchange. Eisenhower authorized another U-2 flight over Soviet territory. It crashed on May 1, 1960, during the Soviet celebration of May Day. When Khrushchev wanted an apology for the U-2 incident, Eisenhower refused, and thus, the Cold War resulted; Eisenhower was so distraught that he talked about resigning.  Eisenhower prosecuted the Cold War vigorously even as he hoped to improve Soviet-American relations. Eisenhower relied on this to avoid having to take public responsibilty for controversial interventions. He used the CIA to carry out secret or covert actions against governments or leaders. The intense rivalries in the Middle East brought Eisenhower into a confrontation with his most important allies, Great Britain and France. The origins of the Suez crisis of 1956 lay in the difficulties of the western powers in dealing with Gamal Abdel Nasser, the nationalist president of Egypt who followed an independent and provocative course in his dealings with major powers. Eisenhower, tired of the Egyptian leader’s playing off of ‘East against West by blackmailing both’, halted negotiations over aid and resulted in Nasser nationalizing the Suez Canal. This affected the British, since it was their waterway—their lifeline to their colonies in Asia. Both the British and French disliked Nasser’s inflammatory anticolonial rhetoric. The Israelis, with constant border skirmishes with Egypt, joined Britain and France. The Israelis launched the first attacks into the Sinai Peninsula on October 29, 1956 without letting Eisenhower know. Eisenhower quickly condemned the attacks and used U.S. diplomatic and economic power to force all three nations to withdraw their troops. The Eisenhower Doctrine was used to provide economic and military aid to Middle Eastern nations, forcing Communist aggression. In Southeast Asia, Eisenhower sent U.S. weapons and dollars to provide military aid to the French quartered at Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. PIRATES

7. POLITICAL continued...  To salvage a partial victory, Eisenhower provided U.S. aid and support to Ngo Dinh Diem to establish a non-Communist government in South Vietnam in order to prevent Ho Chi Minh from establishing a Communist government over all of Vietnam. Eisenhower considered the creation of South Vietnam a significant Cold War success, yet his decision to commit U.S. prestige and power in South Vietnam created long-term dangers that his successors would have to confront. In his Farewell Address, Eisenhower concentrated not on the threats he had confronted abroad but on the dangers of the Cold War at home. He told his fellow citizens to be wary of the 'military-industrial complex,' which he described as the powerful combination of 'an immense military establishment and a large arms industry.' Defense was a means to an end, and the American people had to be careful that they did not allow special interests to absorb an ever-increasing share of national wealth or to 'endanger our liberties or democratic processes.' PIRATES

8. INTELLECTUAL People knew Eisenhower as a "do nothing" president but they did not actually look what good things that Eisenhower accomplished.  Eisenhower believed peace within other countries even if it took war to have peace. Eisenhower was a very optimistic person, and it is shown through the way he talked. An example would be, "Plans are nothing; planning is everything. " - Dwight Eisenhower RELIGION Dwight Eisenhower was a Presbyterian.  Presbyterianism is consisted to many different Christian churches that parted to the Calvinist tradition within Protestantism also that is organized in a certain characteristic Presbyterian polity.  PIRATES

9. ARTS/CULTURE The following are written works of Dwight D. Eisenhower: Crusade in Europe (1948) The White House Years (2 vols.) vol. 1: Mandate for Change (1963) vol. 2: Waging Peace (1965) At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (1967) TECHNOLOGY Millions of families got their first television and their second car and enjoyed new pastimes like hula hoops or transistor radios.   By 1954, 56 percent of American homes had television. Eisenhower used it to his advantage; he was the first President to hold a televised news conference and the first to have an advertising agency produce a television campaign commercial for his reelection. PIRATES

10. ECONOMICS Eisenhower favored a more moderate course, one that he called Modern Republicanism, which preserved individual freedom and the market economy yet insured that government would provide necessary assistance to workers who had lost their jobs or to senior citizens. Eisenhower presidency, personal income increased by 45 percent.The poverty rate declined during Eisenhower's presidency, but still forty million Americans were poor when Eisenhower left office. SOCIAL Eisenhower did not like dealing with racial issues, but he could not avoid such matters after the Supreme Court ruled in 1954 in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Governor Orval Faubus saw political advantages in using the National Guard to block the entry of the first African American students to Central High. After meeting with Eisenhower, Faubus promised to allow the students to enroll, but then he withdrew the National Guard, which allowed a violent mob to surround the school. Eisenhower dispatched federal troops and explained that he had a solemn obligation to enforce the law. PIRATES

11. KEY DOMESTIC POLICY ISSUES • Civil Rights Revolution  • Maintaining the New Deal Programs • Eisenhower had to deal with the the controversial Social Security program • Highway Act of 1956 • Operation Wetback 1954

12. FOREIGN POLICY • Dwight D. Eisenhower came into office with the whole nation ravaged by the depression and to make matters worst, two decades of war such as World War I, Work War II, and the Korean War • Eisenhower really wanted to end the Korean War because he felt that it was really time to create peace. • The Eisenhower administration created the "policy of boldness" or Eisenhower Doctrine (which was named by the Secretary of state, John Foster Dulles) because they wanted to end the spread of Communism, the liberation of nations that suffered from Communism, postpone funding from armed forces to nuclear weapons, and war as a last resort. •  Eisenhower's other policy, "The New Look" policy focused on Brinkmanship. It used to convert action by the CIA to interfere with communist governments abroad. • War with Korean, the United States ended this war  as a tie • War with Vietnam, the United States ended this war as a loss • War with Cuba, the United States ended this war as a loss •  Having to deal with the USSR

13.  "Only Americans can                                     hurt America." We chose this quote because we felt that though this quote was made during the time of Eisenhower's presidential years, it is still happening today and this quote still makes a big impact in today, and even tomorrow future.

14. POLITICAL CARTOON "Tsk Tsk -- Somebody Should Do Something About That" Made on April 3, 1956 Published in the Washing Post (145) President Dwight Eisenhower was frequently accused of failure to provide leadership on domestic problems. Among Herb Block's criticisms of the administration was Eisenhower's lack of support for the Supreme Court's 1954 ruling for desegregation. Eisenhower said we all have opinions and lamented that "you can't change the hearts of men by laws." The leadership vacuum persisted long after the Court's ruling, which allowed time for the organization of White Citizens councils, of "massive resistance" and confrontations that continued beyond Eisenhower's term. In 1956, two years after the Court's ruling, Eisenhower's view on integration was that it should proceed more slowly. April 3, 1956Reproduction of original drawingPublished in the Washington Post (145)

15. CHARTS Electoral Results

16. SUCCESSES AND FAILURES SUCCESSES • Being able to create interstate highways, it has been a great success since that time. We wouldn't have numbered freeways and transportation wouldn't have been organized and easier for consumers. • Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 195. • He was able to inform the nation about what was going on and didn't leave them clueless.  • He Balanced the Budget, not just once, but three times.  • He Ended the Korean War.  • He Kept America at Peace.  • FAILURES • He Failed to Improve the Plight of the American Farmer. The goal of his farm policy was to get government out of agriculture and strengthen the family farmer. He failed at both. • He Failed to Moderate the Republican Party. • He Failed to Provide Leadership in Civil Rights. • He Failed to Defuse the Cold War. He tried but when Eisenhower left office, the Cold War was even more threatening than when he embarked upon the presidency eight years before.

17. "ONE WORD SLIDE" UNOBJECTIONABLE Though Dwight D. Eisenhower was a great president, he also had moments where he made wrong decisions. Because of this, we chose the word unobjectionable because we cannot object to both sides. The reason to our decision is because he always tried to do what was best for America, as well as creating peace for other countries, but he made mistakes that had affected many citizens of the nation, and also left the next president after him with more burden from the Cold War. But from the start, Eisenhower was handed over with a nation that was dealing with the depression, World War I, World War II, and the Korean war. Though World War I and World War II already happened, he was able to end the Korean war as well which was a big success. As a president, he was in office for eight years but he had to deal numerous wars. One of the highlights that you cannot object to is his creation of the interstate highway system. This has made the United States organized with it's roads. We also feel that because his strive for peace, it made him someone we cannot object to. His decisions were inevitable, but it was enough to make a difference. He was very optimistic as well. But he failed at trying to create world peace, but the effort still remains. We chose unobjectionable because we really do like Eisenhower, but some of the decisions he made and the outcome of them makes us in between the decision about his presidency being good or bad.

18. OPINION Eisenhower was a great president, but of course he wasn't the best. We respect his views and what he tried to change, such as having world peace, but a lot of the decisions he made made us feel that he could have done so much to make better decisions since he was more optimistic. We feel that he was just in a bad situation, just like Van Buren. Many people saw Van Buren as a bad president for he could not really make things better for everyone, just like how Eisenhower's presidency was as well. It was either many people liked them, or many people hated them. Our opinion was that we liked him. Even though he was a general and a commander, he still felt that world peace was very important and that's something that many presidents overlooked. Overall, though he isn't the best president out there, we feel that he did do his part as a president.

19. CABINET MEMBERS • Secretary of the Interior • Douglas McKay, 1953 • Frederick A. Seaton, 1956 • Secretary of Agriculture: • Ezra Taft Benson, 1953 • Secretary of Commerce: • Sinclair Weeks, 1953 • Lewis L. Strauss, 1958 • Frederick H. Mueller, 1959 • Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare: • Oveta Culp Hobby, 1953 • Marion B. Folsom, 1955 • Arthur S. Flemming, 1958 • Secretary of Labor: • Martin P. Durkin, 1953 • James P. Mitchell, 1953 Secretary of State: • John Foster Dulles, 1953 • Christian A. Herter, 1959 Secretary of the Treasury: • George M. Humphrey, 1953 • Robert B. Anderson, 1957  Secretary of Defense: • Charles E. Wilson, 1953 • Neil H. McElroy, 1957 • Thomas S. Gates, Jr., 1959 Attorney General: • Herbert Brownell, Jr., 1953 • William P. Rogers, 1958 Postmaster General: • Arthur E. Summerfield, 1953

20. POST-PRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITIES • Dwight D. Eisenhower ended up retiring to the place where he and his wife Marie had spent most of their post-war time. They worked on a farm near the battlefield at Gettysburg Pennsylvania. • In 1967, they decided that they were going to donate the farm to the National Park Service and since 1980 it has been open to the public as the Eisenhower National Historic Site. • After he retired, he was still involved in political life. He spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared in a republican campaign commercial with Barry Goldwater in Gettysburg. • Eisenhower died on March 28,1969 at Walter Reed Army Hospital of congestive heart failure. • Eisenhower is now buried alongside his son Doud who died at the age of 3 in 1921, and his wife was buried next to them as well in 1979. • John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower is alive today at the age of 87.

21. EISENHOWER NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE • Located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. • Area:690 acres • Visitation:70,243 (2006) • Governing body:National Park Service • Added to the National Register of Historic Parks:November 27, 1967  • Designated as a National Historic Landmark:May 23, 1966 • This was the house that Eisenhower and his wife Marie Spent their post-war and post=presidential moments together. They farmed here and ended up donating it to National Historic Site before he died.

22. VIDEO OF EISENHOWER'S FAREWELL SPEECH:

23. BIBLIOGRAPHY • "Accuracy Project ". President Dwight D Eisenhower. 04/06/10 <http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Eisenhower,DwightD..html>. • "Cabinet Members Under Eisenhower". Infoplease. 04/06/10 <http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0101255.html>. • "Dwight D. Eisenhower ". Wikipedia. 04/06/10 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Early_life_and_family>. • "Eisenhower's Foreign Policy". Radessays.com. 04/09/10 <http://www.radessays.com/viewpaper.php?nats=MTAxMzoyOjE,0,0,0,0&request=58666>. • "Eisenhower National Historic Site". Wikipedia . 04/09/10 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_National_Historic_Site>. • "Herblock's President". Herblock's History . 04/06/10 <http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/presidents.html>. • "IKE'S TOP 5 PRESIDENTIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS". National Park Service. 04/09/10 <http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/5accompX.htm>. • Kelly, Martin. "Dwight D. Eisenhower - Thirty-Fourth President of the United States". About.com. 04/06/10 <http://americanhistory.about.com/od/dwightdeisenhower/p/peisenhower.htm>. • "Was Eisenhower a good president?". Tribe. 04/09/10 <http://ifindmyselfwondering.tribe.net/thread/26b86f2e-631c-4cb8-bd7b-20ad62a2926e>. • "President Dwight D. Eisenhower". 04/09/10 <http://millercenter.org/eisenhower>.

24. PICTURES • http://lefteyeonthemedia.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/do-republicans-care-if-anybody-is-smarter-than-a-third-grader/general-dwight-d-eisenhower/ (first slide) • http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/photo3 (third slide) • http://www.cracked.com/funny-3296-7-most-badass-generals-ever/ (second slide)http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/presidents.html • http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html/ (thirteenth slide) • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eisenhower_Interstate_System.svg/600px-Eisenhower_Interstate_System.svg.png (ninth slide)  • http://patdollard.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ussr.gif (tenth slide)  • http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=71332&rendTypeId=4 (fourth slide)  • http://www.bobcesca.com/images/eisenhower_soviets.jpg (eleventh slide) • http://www.thelivingmoon.com/48michael_salla/04images/Articles/General_Eisenhower.jpg (fifteenth slide) • http://cdn3.ioffer.com/img/item/110/987/542/98KZ.jpg (sixteenth slide)  • http://static.squidoo.com/resize/squidoo_images/250/draft_lens1532294module13184866photo_1230306567dwight-eisenhower.jpg (seventeenth slide)  • http://www.lonabarpres.net/Images/First_Presbyterian_Church__Lonaconing__MD_sm.JPG (sixth slide)  VIDEO: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v4qUqxmLS4&feature=related

25. Thank you for going through our journey with us through the presidential times of out good friend Dwight! We love DWIGHT and you should too because he's TIGHT. Thank you for your time! Have a great day! LOVE,  MARYAN DIMATULAC BRITTNEY SIA DENIZA SABIO (Dwight D. Eisenhower)