Ranching & Farming, A New Century

1. Ranching & Farming,A New Century Texas History, Chapters 18 and 20

2. Spanish Introduce Cattle • The first cattle brought to America arrived on the ships of Spanish explorers in the 1500s.

3. Spanish Bring Horses • Mustangs: Small, hardy horses descended from horses brought by the Spanish

4. Early Ranchers • Vaqueros, or cowhands, herded and drove cattle • Mexican American vaqueros were found on South Texas ranches

5. Early Ranchers • Open Range: public land that could be used by anyone • Before the Civil War, most cattle lived on the open range and were slaughtered for their hides

6. King Ranch • Richard King bought the Santa Gertrudis, old Spanish land grant on the southern Gulf Coast • King Ranch became one of the largest in Texas

7. Trail Drives • Cattle were driven, or moved, in large herds to railroad towns to find better markets

8. Trail Drives • Livestock were kept at stockyards, or holding pens, in major railroad towns of Chicago and St. Louis

9. Major Cattle Trails • Sedalia Trail ran between Texas and Sedalia, Missouri • Missouri farmers complained that cattle destroyed their crops; farmers blocked trails by building fences and barricades

10. Major Cattle Trails • Joseph McCoy persuaded railroads and cattle drovers to meet further west to avoid Missouri

11. Major Cattle Trails • Drovers used the Chisolm Trail through Austin, Waco and Fort Worth to avoid Missouri • Chisolm Trail was named after Jesse Chisolm, a Native American trader

12. Major Cattle Trails • Goodnight-Loving Trail was used to move cattle west to the ranges of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming and Montana

13. Life Along the Trail • Wrangler’s job was to take care of the horses

14. Life Along the Trail • Cowhands took turns “riding herd” at night, standing guard to prevent stampedes or raids by Native Americans or rustlers

15. Life Along the Trail • Few battles with Native Americans: drovers had to pay tolls to cross the Indian territory

16. Big Ranches • After the buffalo were wiped out and Native Americans were removed from the Plains, West Texas and the Panhandle became open to ranchers

17. Big Ranches • Thomas Bugbee founded the Shoe Bar Ranch, one of the most famous of the large ranches • The invention of barbed wire ended the open range

18. Big Ranches • Ranchers began enclosing their lands, cutting off the water supply to other ranchers’ herds • Windmills pumped water from wells, making fenced pastures possible.

19. Big Ranches • Cattle were branded to show ownership • Ranchers often branded their cattle with their initials • Ex: JA ranch in Palo Duro Canyon belonged to John Adair

20. Decline of Ranching • Severe blizzards and long droughts in the 1880s led to a decline in cattle ranching • Too many cattle meant rangelands were overgrazed and cattle prices fell

21. Sheep Industry • After the Civil War, a growing demand for wool brought even more sheep ranchers to Texas

22. Cultures Meet in Ranch Country • Mexican Americanvaqueros were found on South Texas ranches • Most shepherds were Mexican Americans

23. Cultures Meet in Ranch Country • African Americans were cowhands and trail bosses • Women also settled the frontier and built ranches

24. A New Century • By 1900, Dallas had emerged as the major city in central Texas.

25. Texas Gold • The discovery of a major oil deposit changed the economy of Texas and the U.S. • Gusher at Spindletop beganthe oil boom in Texas

26. Spindletop • 1901: oil field near Beaumont produced four times as much oil as had been produced by ALL Texas oil wells the previous year

27. Boomtowns • Populations of Beaumont and Humble grew practically overnight • Humble Oil Company later became the multinational corporation known as Exxon-Mobil

28. Good Luck on Your Test!