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AGEING

AGEING. NURUL IZATI ZAKARIA MUHAMMAD HAFIZ SULAIMAN. I ntroduction. Ageing (British English) or aging (American and Canadian English) is the accumulation of changes in an organism or object over time. Classification of ages: preconception. Classification of ages: conception.

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AGEING

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  1. AGEING NURUL IZATI ZAKARIA MUHAMMAD HAFIZ SULAIMAN

  2. Introduction • Ageing (British English) or aging (American and Canadian English) is the accumulation of changes in an organism or object over time.

  3. Classification of ages: preconception

  4. Classification of ages: conception

  5. Classification of ages: pre-birth

  6. Classification of ages: infancy

  7. Classification of ages: childhood

  8. Classification of ages adolescence

  9. Classification of ages: early adulthood hmm nice..

  10. Classification of ages: Middle adulthood

  11. Classification of ages: late adulthood

  12. Classification of ages: death

  13. Classification of ages: Post death

  14. Causes • Cellular senescence is a phenomenon where isolated cells demonstrate a limited ability to divide in culture (the Hayflick limit, discovered by Leonard Hayflick in 1961), while organismal senescence is the ageing of organisms. • Telomerase, cause of cellular senescence = molecular clock in DNA • >35 years, organismal senescence is characterized by the declining ability to respond to stress, increasing homeostatic imbalance and increased risk of disease

  15. Causes (continue) • Telomere Theory Telomeres (structures at the ends of chromosomes) have experimentally been shown to shorten with each successive cell division. Shortened telomeres activate a mechanism that prevents further cell multiplication. This may be an important mechanism of ageing in tissues like bone marrow and the arterial lining where active cell division is necessary. Importantly though, mice lacking telomerase do not show a dramatically reduced lifespan, as the simplest version of this theory would predict.

  16. Causes (continue) • Reproductive-Cell Cycle Theory The idea that ageing is regulated by reproductive hormones that act in an antagonistic pleiotropic manner via cell cycle signalling, promoting growth and development early in life in order to achieve reproduction, but later in life, in a futile attempt to maintain reproduction, become dysregulated and drive senescence (dyosis).

  17. Causes (continue) • Wear-and-Tear Theory The very general idea that changes associated with ageing are the result of chance damage that accumulates over time. • Accumulative-Waste Theory The biological theory of ageing that points to a buildup of cells of waste products that presumably interferes with metabolism. (e.g. lipofuscin)

  18. Causes (continue) • Free-Radical Theory The idea that free radicals (unstable and highly reactive organic molecules, also named reactive oxygen species or oxidative stress) create damage that gives rise to symptoms we recognize as ageing. • Mitohormesis It has been known since the 1930s that restricting calories while maintaining adequate amounts of other nutrients can extend lifespan in laboratory animals. Recently, Michael Ristow's group has provided evidence for the theory that this effect is due to increased formation of free radicals within the mitochondria causing a secondary induction of increased antioxidantdefence capacity

  19. Probable prevention/reduction • Red grapes contain resveratrol, has been shown to extend the lifespan of yeast by 60%, worms and flies by 30% and one species of fish by almost 60% • Small amount o heavy water. • Standford school of medicine was able to rejuvenate the skin of two-year-old mice to resemble that of newborns by blocking the activity of the gene NF-Kappa-B

  20. Probable prevention/reduction (continue) • University of Virginia discovered that the drug MK-677 restored 20% of muscle mass lost due to ageing in humans aged 60 to 81. The subjects' growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels increased to that typical of healthy young adults. • Rapamycin (drugs against transplant rejection) • Walnut (7-9 perdays)

  21. Issue: Healthcare demand • Many societies in the rich world, e.g. Western Europe and Japan, have ageing populations • Poor countries has low number of ageing populations

  22. Issue: Welfare • Hypothesis: • Czech republic shows great welfare in caring of old people • Malaysia shows lower welfare in caring old people.

  23. Issue: After death healthcare • Everybody is going to end their lives on earth. • But how sure people are about their lives after the death. • Everybody must think about the fate post-mortem. • Where we actually will be after death • Atheis, Islam, Judaism, Christian, Hindu, Buddha? God? No God? • GO BACK HOME TODAY, AND DO MORE RESEARCHES ON YOUR FATE AFTER BEING CARCASS.

  24. Sources • Bath, P.A. (2003). Differences between older men and woman in the Self-Rated Health/ Mortality Relationship. The Gerontologist, 43 387-94 • Rowe, J.D. & Kahn, R.L. (1987). Human ageing: Usual and successful. Science, 237, 143-149 • Wikipedia.org

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