General Livestock Feeding

1. General Livestock Feeding Topic # 3046 Ms. Blakeley http://www.glenroseffa.org

2. Animals are the result of: • Genetics • Health • Care and Management • What they eat • all feeds come directly from plants • 2/3 of livestock feed is not suited to humans

3. What are Nutrients? • Chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used, and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals • _________ are needed by animals in definite amounts varying with age, function, use etc.

4. Nutrients • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________

5. Carbohydrates • More abundant and cheaper • Very easily __________ and turned into body fat • Easier storage than fats • Found in all __________________ • (corn, wheat, barley, oats, & rye)

6. Proteins • Complex compounds made of amino acids • In all _______ and _________ cells • Nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25 tells the amount of protein • Plants make their own protein

7. Source of Protein • Animal Proteins are superior for monogastrics • better balanced in essential amino acids • Milk and Eggs are abundant in essential amino acids

8. Plant Protein Sources • Supplements • ________ by-products • __________ meal • _____________ meal • linseed meal • peanut meal • safflower meal • rapeseed meal

9. Fats • Needed in fairly _______ amounts • Most sources of __________ are sources of fat • Especially oil seeds and animal by-products

10. Minerals • Minerals are the ____________ elements of animals and plants • Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called ______) • 2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids)

11. Vitamins • Roughages, concentrates, feeds, by-products & some are made by the body itself • Required in ________ amounts for normal growth • Specific functions

12. Feed Additives • _____% of food animals get some drug during lifetime • chemicals that regulate growth, modify rumen activity, improve feed efficiency increase 15% each yr. • lower production _______ • unsafe if used improperly

13. Antibiotics • produced by _______ __________ • bacteriostatic properties • growth stimulators • better feed efficiency • Low levels in feeds • High (therapeutic) levels in feeds

14. What is a Feedstuff? • any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them • most provide one or more nutrients • _______________ = flavor, color, palatability, adding bulk, preservatives

15. Feed Classifications • _____________ • __________________ • (By-product feeds) • Special Feeds • Additives, Implants, & Injections

16. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) • Most extensively used system • %TDN = %DCP + %DCF + %DNFE + (%DF x 2.25) • DCP: digestible crude ________ • DCF: digestible crude _______ • DNFE: digestible ________ free extract • DF: digestible ______

17. Roughages • ______ feeds low in weight per unit • Contain more than 18% crude fiber • Low in _________ • Natural feeds of ruminants • Generally low in digestibility • Protein varies

18. Roughages • Pastures • ______ • varies more than any other feed • harvest at optimum time • cure properly 20% moisture or less • Crop Residues • left in field after harvest • straw, corn stalks, etc

19. Roughages • _______ = fermented forage plants • mostly corn or sorghum • Haylage = low moisture silage • grass or legume wilted to 40-60% moisture before ensiling • Green Chop (soilage) • fresh plants cut & chopped in the field, transported & fed to confined animals

20. Roughages – Other • cottonseed hulls • corncobs • sawdust • beet tops • root crops • oat hulls • peanut hay • newspapers

21. Concentrates • Feeds high in energy and low in _______ (under 18%) • Availability and Price • Need to substitute concentrates for each other as price changes • Corn, Sorghum, barley, rye, oats, wheat, triticale

22. By-Product Feeds(roughage and concentrate) • Feeds ______ ______ from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing • Milling by-products from: • cereal grains • oilseeds • root crops • dried beet pulp and tops • distillery and brewing • unused bakery products • fruits and nuts

23. By-Product Feeds • Effective & Profitable Use: • price • composition be known • palatable and consumed • not adversely affect carcass quality • chemical residues • pesticides

24. Special Feeds • _____________: first milk given by mammals after parturition • contains antibodies • within 15 min to 4 hours • surplus colostrum can be frozen for up to a year or more • can feed cow colostrum to lambs etc., but some diseases are species specific

25. Special Feeds • Milk ___________ • can’t replace colostrum • is fortified with vitamins, minerals & antibiotics • higher fat reduces diarrhea

26. Special Feeds • Fats and _______ • acidulated soap stock, tallows, greases • ______ • increases calories of ration (2 1/4 times energy of carbohydrates) • controls dust • animals don’t like dusty rations • lessons wear on feed mixing equip.

27. Special Feeds • ___________ • by-product from sugar manufacture • 3/4 energy value of corn • appetizer • reduce dust, pellet binder • stimulate rumen activity