Digital Divide Team #6: Secondary Education

1. Digital DivideTeam #6: Secondary Education CSC 101-860 Assignment IA2/TA2 Professor Cortez

2. Team #6 • Ashleigh Gerstner (Secondary Education) • Sarah Johnson (Secondary Education) • Trevlond Myrie (Secondary Education) • Ericka Plunkett-Cartolano (Secondary Education) • Sydney Stone (Secondary Education) • Jake Wegerski (Secondary Education)

3. Table of Contents • Definition of “Digital Divide” 4-5 • Origins of the Divide 6-7 • Equipment and the Divide 8-10 • Resolving the Digital Divide 11-12 • Poverty and the Digital Divide 13-14 • Rural vs. Urban Schools 15-17

4. Digital Divide http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/04/27/digital.divide/digital.divide.jpg • Term began in 1990’s • The definition has changed • Original definition • How it has changed Ashleigh Gerstner

5. Digital Divide • Motivation • Physical Access • Skills • An example to end the digital divide • El Paso tried to close the gap Ashleigh Gerstner

6. Digital Divide Origins Erika Plunkett Cartolano Global divide Social divide Democratic divide Digital Divide takes place especially when there is race, gender, income, and location involved

7. Resolving the digital divide issue • The digital divide will fade • There are always people • who can afford the latest • computer technology • before others • In order to resolve digital • divide issue you must have • the recognition of all factors leading to it • A comprehensive strategy that addresses the • issue of digital divide from all angles. Erika Plunkett Cartolano

8. Distinguishing Between the Digital Divide The digital divide in formal schooling is not simply an equipment differential that can be overcome with further selective investments in hardware, software, and networking. Instead it derives from both within school and within home differences that extend to learning standards as well as support. Students in more wealthy areas or private schools are obviously more likely to have access to better software and hardware because they can afford them. Especially if the school is a affluent private school because they can use students tuition to pay for newer technology. Jake Wegerski

9. Hardware And Software Differentials Software differentials include the superior programs that schools that are able to purchase. For example, in private music institutions they are able to purchase programs specifically for the students needs in music, such as garage band or other programs. Jake Wegerski Some of the differences in hardware and software within the different schools includes things such as models of personal computers, such as the difference in year that they were made, and the programs they are compatible with. For example, If a school purchases more expensive MAC platform computers which students can use more effectively than Windows platform they are participating in the digital divide.

10. Digital divide-Internet Jake Wegerski The digital divide and the internet does not exist so much in schools in the united states as it does globally. Most students in the United States have access to the internet if not at home most likely at school. However, in poorer third world countries people have never used the internet and don’t know much about the other parts of the world on the internet. The united states has partnered with companies to help change this. They want to bring digital equality to poorer smaller nations.

11. Government Attempts at Resolving Digital Divide • Museum and Library Services Act (MLSA) of 1996 – Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) • Telecommunications Act of 1996 – “Universal Service” or “E-Rate” Section 254 • Government subsidizing of telecommunications/internet access to rural public and non-profit health care providers, elementary schools, secondary schools and libraries for educational purposes • No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act – Enhancing Education Through Technology Act of 2001 • Department of Education – Community Technology Centers (CTC) program Trevlond Myrie

12. Successes of Various Programs • Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) • Syracuse City School District-School Library System reported that funding from LSTA was instrumental to the creation of ‘Urban School Libraries Online,’ a “resource-sharing program that allowed students access to a wider range of quality print and non-print materials from their classrooms and school libraries.” • E-Rate • In 1997, 55% of California Public Schools had at least one classroom with internet access. By 2000-2001, after receiving nearly 15% of national E-Rate funding, 85% of schools had at least one classroom with internet access • Community Technology Centers (CTC) Program • A 2001 grant to the AdEdge Community Technology Center in El Paso, Texas, a center that serves a predominantly Hispanic community with one of the lowest per capita incomes in the country, has allowed the Center to provide English Language courses, GED programs and computer technology certification with AdEdge’s partner, Cisco Networking Academy Trevlond Myrie

13. The digital divide is a symptom of poverty Most schools have computers- even in high poverty areas Home access to computer technology is used as a determining factor in poverty studies Poverty and the Divide http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_tol.jsp?id=1304 Sarah Johnson

14. Teachers and the Digital Divide • Teachers in high poverty areas less likely to use technology in many ways • Use more basic textbook learning • Older equipment • Do not feel they have enough training • Newer teachers are more likely to use computer technology in the classroom than veteran teachers

15. Rural and Urban Schools Rural schools are known to have more computers and technology then Urban schools Between 1997 and 1998, the divide between those at the highest and lowest education levels increased 25 percent 50 percent of low poverty schools and 60 percent of elementary schools were connected with the internet Sydney Stone

16. Rural and Urban Schools 77 percent of secondary schools and 72 percent of schools with the lowest concentrations of poverty With an increase increase in the amount of computers in schools going up, they are not being evenly distributed Sydney Stone

17. How This Affects the Students What studies have shown. “Urban educators and school systems are failing to create students who are able to face the challenges of the society that they will live in.” Sydney Stone

18. Works Cited Cuneo, C. (2003). Pippa Norris, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. (Book Review): An article from: Labour/Le Travail. St. John's: Canadian Committee on Labour History.  DiBello, L. C. (2005). Are We Addressing the Digital Divide? Issues, Access, and Real Commitment. Childhood Education, 81. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com/ googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=J1JYWD11BnbHzfQJjTJdzSmR1729FLXcngDT4jhJNjCV63cNwHMF!-1482000323?docId=5010937461    Digital Equity. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. Eds. Gary Anderson and Kathryn Herr. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2007. p458-461. 3 vols.

19. Works Cited Continued "Educational Technology". Department of Psychology. 03 Dec. 2008. http://sitemaker.umich.edu Hargiattie,E(2003). The digital Divide and what to do about it. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http://www.eszter.com/research/pubs/hargittai-digitaldivide.pdf Holfeld, T. N., Ritzhaupt, A. D., Barron, A. E., & Kemker, K. (2008). Examining the digital divide in K-12 publics schools: Four- year trends for supporting ICT literacy in Florida . Computers & Education, 51(4), 1648-1663. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.04.002 Lonergan, James M. "Internet Access and Content for Urban Schools and Communities. ERIC Digest Number 157". ERIC Educational Reports. . FindArticles.com. 03 Dec. 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pric/is_200010/ai_2705409021 Schmidt, David. (2008). Digital Divide. In Robert Kolb (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, Vol. 2. (586-589). Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc.. Retrieved November 25, 2008,  from Gale Virtual Reference Library via Gale: 

20. Works Cited Continued van Dijk, J. A. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34(4-5), 221-235. van Dijk, J. A. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34(4-5), 2\21-235. 10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004 Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. London: The Mit Press.  (2000, Apr.). In How do teachers use computers and the Internet at school?. Retrieved Dec. 03, 2008, from http://http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/frss/publications/2000090/ (2001). The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis or Creating a Myth? (MIT Press Sourcebooks). London: The Mit Press.

21. Works Cited Continued (2006, Sept.). In Prospects. (chap. Chapter 1 Service Delivery). Retrieved Dec. 03, 2008, from http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/PES/esed/chapserv.html