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Diabetes Mellitus. By Ebony, Zhao & Sophia 12D. What is it?. It is a chronic condition in which the sufferer is unable to utilise blood glucose correctly .
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Diabetes Mellitus By Ebony, Zhao & Sophia 12D
What is it? • It is a chronic condition in which the sufferer is unable to utilise blood glucose correctly. • Insulin is a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas which facilitates the update of glucose from the blood into the cells. When this process is interrupted it results in diabetes mellitus.
Different types • TYPE 1: • More common in children and youth but can occur in any stage of life. • Characterised by the pancreas not producing enough insulin to allow glucose from the blood into the cells. • The cause is unknown, but it is believed there is a strong genetic link and exposure to certain viruses. • Insulin must be administered regularly by individuals themselves. • Individuals must monitor their blood glucose levels.
TYPE 2: • Usually occurs in older, often overweight people, but more cases are being reported in younger Australians. • In type 2 diabetes the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin effectively. • Being overweight is the greatest risk factor of type 2 diabetes. • Although it cannot be cured it can be managed effectively through lifestyle changes. • Medication may also be required to assist with glucose regulation. • Associated with other conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and high cholesterol.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES • Occurs during pregnancy in 3-8% of women • As the baby develops hormones are released to assist its growth and development, these hormones are essential for the baby but also reduce the impact that insulin has on the blood glucose levels of the mother. • The mother may not be able to produce enough insulin to metabolise the glucose which results in diabetes. • Once the baby is born the diabetes disappears, but they are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Why it is an NHPA • It is mostly from the alarming results from the 2007-08 national health survey that indicated that over 800000 Australians (4%) reported having diabetes as a long term condition. • It is a growing health problem in Australia • The number of individuals with diabetes is predicted to continue to increase significantly in the future. • Diabetes was considered to play a role in approx 10% of all deaths. • Diabetes is a leading contributor to the burden of disease. • It contributes to the burden of disease: in 2010 diabetes was estimated to be ranked 6th with regards to burden of disease, contributing to 6.2% of total DALYs.
Risk Factors • BIOLOGICAL: • Being overweight/obese – obesity often indicated an added strain on the pancreas, resulting in reduced insulin production. • Genetic predisposition – people who have family members who have had diabetes are at a high risk of developing all types of diabetes. • Age – risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age. • BEHAVIOURAL: • Tobacco smoking – contributes in higher blood glucose levels and can lead to insulin resistance. • Dietary behaviour – energy dense or high fat diet can contribute to weight gain therefore leading to type 2 diabetes. • Physical inactivity – can lead to weight gain therefore type 2 diabetes.
SOCIAL: • Work- People in managerial and other sedentary occupations may be more at risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. • Transport-Inactive forms of transport can contribute to obesity and therefore type 2 diabetes. • SES-People with low SES have higher rates of obesity and type 2 gestational diabetes.
Health promotion strategies A national campaign running across TV, Print, Online and Radio, designed by the Federal Government to try and promote physical activity and better diet in an attempt to decrease obesity rates and associated chronic conditions including diabetes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG8IAxHqtFo
Health promotion strategies National diabetes week. Awareness, prevention, detection and management to a cure. An annual event coordinated by diabetes Australia. It aims to raise awareness about type 2 diabetes, to reduce the risk factors that contribute to it’s development.
Direct, Indirect & Costs Indirect- It amounts to almost 3 billion dollars. –Incurred by the community include government social security payments, loss of productivity and payment for carers. -Indirect costs experienced by the individual include paying for a dietician or personal trainer to assist with weight management. Loss of income if they are unable to work. Direct- About $900 million was spent on the direct costs of diabetes. As there is no cure it is all spent on the funding and monitoring of the patients. Many of these costs are for syringes to be able to inject the insulin to patients. The pumps that monitor the insulin levels. Costs are funded by Medicare, PBS and private health insurance companies.
Intangible costs Living with diabetes involves making lifestyle changes to diet and activity levels to manage the condition. These changes may have to be made by both the individual and those living with them. Some examples of intangible costs: -frustration over having to make changes to exercise and diet routines. -loss of self-esteem. -anxiety about the possibility that the condition could progress.
