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1. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING FEG 300 Douglas Daley SUNY ESF The scientist seeks to understand what is. The Engineer seeks to CREATE what never was.-Theodore von Karman

2. What is Engineering?1 • The creative process of applying: • Scientific and mathematic principles • Experience • Judgement / Common sense • To address a need (problem) • That results in a new product, process or system

3. What is an Engineer?

4. Educated Licensed/registered professional Problem Solver/Designer addresses society’s needs Creative Individual (intuitive) Applies science Uses design process Team member/leader Decides and recommends Draws and specifies Has technical expertise and experience Evaluates alternative solutions based on reliability, cost, manufacturability, ergonomics and marketability What is an Engineer?

5. Engineer vs. Technologist1 • Technologist: • Shares theoretical background with engineer • Practical experience in application, implementation, sales of engineer’s design • Engineer: • Develops conceptual design • Research and application of scientific concepts • Design of new products and systems

6. Engineering: a Profession6 • What is a Profession? • Education: high academic standards • Regulated/Licensed • Code of Conduct • Public Service, Public Benefit, Public Trust • Continuing Education and Experience • Personal Responsibility, Judgement, Discretion • Intellectual, Competent, Confident

7. Engineering Education - Formalized • United States Military Academy (founded 1802). Superintendent Sylvanus Thayer made civil engineering the foundation of the curriculum between 1817 and 1833. “The first civil engineering program in the U.S.” • Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (founded 1824) “for the purpose of instructing persons, who may choose to apply themselves, in the application of science to the common purposes of life."

8. Education: ABET Program Criteria5 • Engineering programs must demonstrate that their graduates have: • (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering • (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data • (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs • (d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams • (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems

9. ABET Program Criteria (cont’d) • (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility • (g) an ability to communicate effectively • (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global • and societal context • (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning • (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues • (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.

10. Professional Registration • Required in fields involving public safety • State evaluates education and experience and administers standard examinations • Graduate from a 4 year EAC (ABET) accredited engineering program • Pass Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam • Gain 4 years of professional experience • Pass Principles and Practice of Engineering exam

11. NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers: Engineers' Creed As a Professional Engineer, I dedicate my professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of human welfare. I pledge: To give the utmost of performance; To participate in none but honest enterprise; To live and work according to the laws of man and the highest standards of professional conduct; To place service before profit, the honor and standing of the profession before personal advantage, and the public welfare above all other considerations. In humility and with need for Divine Guidance, I make this pledge. Adopted by National Society of Professional Engineers, June 1954 Accessed at http://www.heimer.com/frameset/offsite.asp?url=http://www.nspe.org/ August 2002

12. Application of Engineering Experience • Historically, engineering was largely empirical, using experience to create new advances & technology (a.k.a. trial and error or tinkering) • Engineering allowed cultural and societal advances to occur • Water Supply (Hydraulics): Egyptian irrigation, Roman aqueducts, Dutch windmills, canals • Commerce (Navigation): English Longitude Act 1714 • overcome economic losses due to lost ships foundering • technological limitations in material science • John Harrison awarded prize for chronometer (development and trials 1715 - 1764)

13. Cultural Advancement: Ancient3,4 • Society needed water for industry and growth • Civil/Structural Engineering • Clockwise from top left: • Pont du Gard - Nimes (Fr) • Segovia (Spain) • Moselle (Fr) • Merida (Spain)

14. Sewage Disposal/Treatment (Paris, London - 1860s, Blue Plains 2002 - 370 MGD) Great Plague (summer 1665) killed over 60,000 London residents Engineering and the Public Health • Water Closet, promoted by T. Crapperhttp://www.thomas-crapper.com/history02.htm • Water Supply (Croton Aqueduct - 1842 - 35 MGD - New York - Current 1512 MGD) • Waste Disposal (11,000 TPD - Fresh Kills Landfill)

15. Interstate and Defense Highway System http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw96j.htm

16. Dams: Water Supply, Power, Flood Control Glen Canyon Dam Grand Coulee Dam Hoover Dam http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/index.html http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/photos/../../highres/dam08.jpg http://www.canyon-country.com/lakepowell/gcdam.htm

17. High Performance Materials Nuclear Technologies Laser and Fiber Optics Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies Health Technologies Household Appliances Imaging Technologies Internet Space Exploration Interstate Highways Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Telephone Computers Agricultural Mechanization Radio and Television Electronics Safe and Abundant Water Airplane Automobile Electrification 20th Century’s Greatest Engineering Achievements2

18. Breakthrough Technologies • Biotechnology • Nanotechnology • Materials Science and Photonics • Information and Communications Technology • Logistics NAE. The Engineer of 2020. National Academy of Sciences. 2004.

19. Continuing Challenges • Physical Urban Infrastructure • Highways, bridges, tunnels, power • Information and Communication • Environment • Sustainable development, Green Engineering, energy, clean water • Aging population

20. Failure – Design, Construction, Operation, or Maintenance? http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/08/09/bridge.collapse.ap/index.html#cnnSTCPhoto

21. Space Shuttle Challenger – Design Failure http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/search/search.cgi?selections=STS51L&browsepage=Go&keywords=null&pageno=38&hitsperpage=5

22. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse – Design/Construction Process Failure http://ethics.tamu.edu/ethics/hyatt/hyatt2.htm

23. Professional Context for Engineers in the Future • Systems perspective • Integrate components • Multidisciplinary teams work on complex projects • Flexibility, receptive to change, mutual respect, global markets • Complexity • Integrate social elements into systems analysis • Customerization • Public policy • Business, military, health • Public understanding of engineering and technology • Potential or unintended dangers

24. Attributes of the Engineer in 2020 • Strong analytical skills • Practical ingenuity • Creative • Effective communication • Business and management skills • High ethical standards • Dynamic, resilient, flexible, agile • Lifelong learner

26. Characteristics of a “Good” Engineering Design • Works all the time (reliable) • Meets technical requirements • Meets cost requirements • Requires little or no maintenance • Is safe • Creates no ethical dilemma (moral/public/environmental health issue)

27. Application of Engineering Science: Dynamics & Kinetics • Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) • First Law of Motion: A particle will remain at rest or in motion at a constant velocity unless an unbalanced external force acts on it (conservation of momentum). • Acceleration of a particle is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the particle mass (F=ma) • 1 Newton (force) = (1 kg)(1 m/s2)

28. Application of Engineering Science • Fluid Mechanics • Hydraulic Systems (dams, jets, food) • Newtonian Fluids • Conservation of Matter and Energy • Thermodynamics • Heat force produces work • Power system analysis and design • Analysis by Newton relationships • First Law: the work done by or on a system depends only on the end states

29. Engineering Education: Forest Engineering at ESF • Botany, Physics, Chemistry, Calculus • Writing, Graphics, History, Fine Arts • Economics, Probability and Statistics, Management, Decision Analysis • Fluid Mechanics, Statics, Dynamics, Thermodynamics, Ecology, Dendrology • Hydrology and Hydraulics, Mechanics of Materials, Structures, Soil Mechanics • Surveying, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry • Transportation Systems, Water Pollution, Design Elective

30. Citations • 1. American Society of Engineering Education. Engineering: Your Future. Web site accessed August 14, 2002 at http://www.asee.org/precollege/welcome.cfm • 2. National Academy of Engineering. Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century. http://www.greatachievements.org/greatachievements/ • 3. Roman Aqueducts http://www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/ia57/jussy/netsco/English/autre-aqu.htm • 4. UNSECO, Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) http://whc.unesco.org/sites/344.htm • 5. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc., Engineering Accreditation Commission, CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITING ENGINEERING PROGRAMS, 2002-2003, http://www.abet.org/images/Criteria/2002-03EACCriteria.pdf, August 2002 • 6. Cottingham, J. Richard. Should all engineers be licensed? National Society of Professional Engineers. http://www.nspe.org/lc1-cottingham.asp. August 2001

31. Citations (cont’d) • 7. New York City Department of Sanitation, About Fresh Kills Landfill http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/fkl/ada/about/1_0.html, August 16, 2002 • 8. DC Water and Sewer Authority. Blue Plains AWTP. Washington, D.C. http://www.dcwasa.com/default.cfm, August 16, 2002 • The Croton Aqueduct. http://www.nyhistory.org/seneca/croton.html • New York City Department of Environmental Protection. New York City's Water Supply System - History. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.html • Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. History. http://www.rpi.edu/About/Welcome/history.html. August 16, 2002