1 / 46

Bellwork:

Bellwork:. Place DNA Molecule in the collection folder. Describe how the structure of DNA relates to its function. DNA Replication. DNA Replication. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfZ8o9D1tus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0 http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html

saeran
Download Presentation

Bellwork:

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Bellwork: Place DNA Molecule in the collection folder.

  2. Describe how the structure of DNA relates to its function.

  3. DNA Replication

  4. DNA Replication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfZ8o9D1tus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0 http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html#

  5. From DNA to Protein Using the information encoded in the DNA to: Producing Proteins! = “Protein Synthesis”

  6. Why are Proteins Important? --help build cell organelles (cell membrane) --are used as enzymes to promote reactions --are found in muscles, blood, skin, bones, etc.

  7. (information storage) Transcription Figure UN15-5 (information carrier) Translation (active cell machinery)

  8. Making a protein is like reading a library book.  --------- --------- --------- --------- Cell Neighborhood Nucleus --------- --------- --------- --------- Library DNA Home-work --------- --------- --------- ---------

  9. Making a protein is like reading a library book.  --------- --------- --------- --------- Cell Neighborhood Cytoplasm Nucleus Library Home ? DNA ? Home-work New Protein

  10. Information Flows in One Direction: DNA RNA Proteins. Transcription (Nucleus) Translation (Cytoplasm)

  11. Transcription: A modified copy of the DNA A. Keeping the DNA ‘encyclopedia’ safe in the nucleus. B. Copying only the necessary information (‘pages’). C. Only when the information is required.

  12. DNA and RNA Compare DNA to RNA:

  13. TRANSCRIPTION translation Moves out of nucleus into the cytoplasm & attach to ribosome Takes place in the nucleus

  14. (information storage) Transcription (information carrier) Translation (active cell machinery)

  15. HOW IS RNA DIFFERENT FROM DNA?? RIBONUCLEICACID (RNA)

  16. Let’s review DNA • Contains the sugar DEOXYRibose • ADENINE pairs with Thymine • GUANINEpairs with Cytosine • Double Stranded

  17. Contains the sugar Ribose Uracil Substitutes for Thymine (A pairs with U) Single Stranded RNA is different from DNA…

  18. DNA RNA SUGAR Deoxyribose Ribose NITROGEN BASES A, T, C, G A, Uracil, C, G SHAPE Double Helix Single Strand Fill in Your Chart… Differences Between DNA and RNA:

  19. DNA = A T TGC A C • RNAis the same structure asDNA,it is rearranged in the complementary order. RNA = U A A CGUG

  20. How is RNA made? Through TRANSCRIPTION! Here’s a Summary: Transcription: RNA is made from DNA to use during protein synthesis. Same process as replication, but only one side of the DNA strand is copied. This occurs in the nucleus. When RNA is made it leaves the nucleus (through pores in the membrane) and the DNA strand zips back up.

  21. Why is RNA important? • It contains the code from DNA that is needed to make proteins!

  22. What are proteins? • Organic Compounds that aremade from amino acids linked together by covalent, peptide bonds Ex. AA1 + AA2 + AA3 = a protein/ polypeptide

  23. Why are Proteins Important? --help build cell organelles (cell membrane) --are used as enzymes to promote reactions --are found in muscles, blood, skin, bones, etc.

  24. Three Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – transcribes the code from DNA and takes it from the nucleus into the cytoplasm to the ribosome. • Transfer RNA(tRNA) – translates the message by transferring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes to the mRNA. • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – structural component of ribosome that binds mRNA and tRNA together; makes up 80% of all RNA in the cell.

  25. ProteinSynthesis – THE MAKING OF PROTEINS 2 Processes in Protein Synthesis Transcription Translation

  26. Transcription mRNA copies the code from DNA

  27. TRANSCRIPTION – the details Transcription • Segments of DNA are separated by RNA polymerase, one of the strands is used as a template to make the molecule of mRNA • RNA polymerase adds mRNAnucleotides as it reads the code and binds them with their complementary nucleotides on the DNA

  28. LET’S DO TRANSCRIPTION! DNA = A GCTG A mRNA = UC G A C U

  29. TRANSCRIPTION • The base sequence in mRNA is a code that enables the tRNA to collect the right amino acids and assemble them in the correct sequence to synthesize a protein. • Codon: Every combination of three “letters” (nitrogen bases). • 1 CODON = 1 AMINO ACID= 3 NUCLEOTIDES

  30. what do the codons code for? The genetic code-the correspondence between triplets in DNA and the amino acids in proteins Each amino acid is coded for by 3 mRNA bases arranged in a specific sequence

  31. Translation (tRNA) • Translates the mRNA bases into amino acids that will make up a protein. • Ribosome attaches to the mRNA • tRNApicks up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm and carries them to the mRNA at the ribosomes • tRNAcontains the anticodon that complements the codon on the mRNA

  32. TRANSLATION—The Details • mRNA strand (made of codons) leaves the nucleus, enters cytoplasm, attaches to ribosome

  33. 2. tRNA molecules pick up amino acids in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosome

  34. 3. tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon, joining the two molecules

  35. 4. When 2 amino acids are in place a polypeptide bond forms

  36. Once an amino acid has joined the chain, the tRNA detaches from the mRNA strand

  37. 6. The process continues until a chain of amino acids is formed and stops once a stop codon on the mRNA is reached. 7. The chain of amino acids is called a protein or polypeptide.

  38. TRANSLATION (tRNA) • DNA = A T GCT A • mRNA = U A CG A U (Codon) • tRNA = A UGCU A (Anticodon)

  39. Let’s summarize Protein synthesis!

  40. TRANSCRIPTION translation Moves out of nucleus into the cytoplasm & attach to ribosome Takes place in the nucleus

  41. SUMMARY: 5 Steps of Protein Synthesis • Transcription: DNA makes RNA (in the nucleus) • RNA now becomes mRNA which will leave the nucleus (take the code to ribosome) • mRNA tells ribosomes what proteins to make • mRNA attaches to ribosome and forms a pattern (codon) to make a protein • tRNA in cytoplasm comes to ribosome. It “translates” the code (codon=three base pairs) and goes and gets the specific amino acid that matches up with the codon. This is the anticodon. When amino acids are combined together (by covalent, peptide bonds) they break off and form the specific protein needed by the cell. This part is called Translation.

  42. Steps to figure out the genetic code • Obtain a DNA Template. (a row of DNA bases) • Transcribe DNA into mRNA • Translate mRNA into tRNA • Use the codons (mRNA) to translate into amino acids

  43. Why do some amino acids have more than one code? • 4 nucleotide bases, 3 at a time = 43 = 64 • 20 different amino acids and 64 code words, so some AA are specified by more than one code word.

  44. let’s practice! DNA ATG mRNA (Codon) tRNA Strand (anticodon) Amino Acids UAC AUG Tyrosine

  45. More practice needed? DNA= TAC -GAT-GCC-ATC mRNA= ________________ tRNA= ________________ Amino Acids= _________________ AUG -CUA- CGG-UAG UAC -GAU-GCC-AUC START-LEU-ARG-STOP

More Related