Kingdom Plantae

1. Kingdom Plantae • Vascular plants – have vascular tissue – a system of interconnected tubes and vessels to transport food and water • Nonvascular plants – lack vascular tissue – materials are transported by diffusion and osmosis – tend to be small

2. Nonvascular Plants • lack true roots, stems and leaves • rhizoids – “root”like structure that anchors plants and absorbs water • leaflike structures are only 1 or 2 cells thick • must live in shade and moist places

3. Three major groups: • Phylum Bryophyta – mosses, pioneer species

4. Phylum Hepatophyta – liverworts

5. Phylum Anthocerophyta – hornworts

6. SPOROPHYTE PHASE fertilization meiosis GAMETOPHYTE PHASE All plants and many algae reproduce by alternation of generations

7. Sporophyte – a plant body that forms spores, cells that make up the plant body are diploid • spores – haploid, germinate to form a gametophyte • Gametophyte – a plant body that forms gametes – cells of the body are haploid • zygote – two gametes (n) join to form a diploid zygote (2n) – fertilized egg – grows into sporophyte • in nonvascular plants, the gametophyte generation is dominant • in vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant

8. Moss Life Cycle

9. Vascular Plants • vascular plants have vascular tissue – true roots, stems, and leaves • xylem – vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves – dead when functional • phloem – vascular tissue that transports food from leaves to other parts of plant – living cells

10. tracheid vessel element Xylem

11. Phloem

12. Lower vascular plants are seedless • Phylum Psilophyta – whisk ferns • lack roots and leaves (rhizoids – underground “roots” and rhizomes – underground “stems”) • have scale-like “leaves”

13. Lower Vascular Plants • Phylum Sphenophyta – horsetails (Equisetum) • common 300 mya • have silica in epidermal cells • settlers used them to scrub pots

14. Lower Vascular Plants • Phylum Lycophyta – club mosses • spores produced on club-shaped “cones”

15. frond fiddlehead Lower Vascular Plants • Phylum Pterophyta – ferns • fern leaf – frond • spores are produced in sori (underside of frond) • gametophyte is called a prothallus Prothallus gametophyte (n) rhizoid

16. sporophyte (2n) sori Fern Life Cycle

17. Higher vascular plants produce seeds • seed – embryo (baby plant), cotyledons (embryonic leaves), food supply, and seed coat • Gymnosperms – “naked seed” • plants that produce seeds on a cone • Angiosperms – flowering plants • plants that produce their seeds within a fruit

18. Gymnosperms • Phylum Coniferophyta – conifers • have needle-like leaves • woody trees or shrubs • evergreen • pines, spruces, firs, cedars, junipers

19. Gymnosperms

20. Conifer Life Cycle

21. Gymnosperms • Phylum Cycadophyta – cycads • grow in tropics and subtropics • common 300 mya • look like palms but have cones • most species are extinct

22. Gymnosperms • Phylum Ginkgophyta – Ginkgo trees • popular shade tree • have distinct male and female trees • hardy and resistant to air pollution

23. Gymnosperms • Phylum Gnetophyta – gnetophytes • most advanced gymnosperms (most efficient water conducting cells) • cones are produced as clusters resembling flower clusters • certain details of life cycle are similar to flowering plants

24. Angiosperms – Phylum Anthophyta • most successful plants today • form flowers for reproduction – after a “double fertilization” process, seeds develop inside fruits • Two major classes: • Class Monocotyledonae (monocots) • Class Dicotyledonae (dicots)