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eu – true pro – before elle – small bi – two cyto – cell lys – to split chloro - green. Lesson 8: Cell Structure and Functions. The Building Blocks of Life. The Cell Theory. All living things are made of cells. New cells come from cells.
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eu – true pro – before elle – small bi – two cyto – cell lys – to split chloro - green Lesson 8: Cell Structure and Functions The Building Blocksof Life
The Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • New cells come from cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. • May the CODE be with you! • ALTMC • NCFC • CBUSFLT
bacteriacells Types of cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells
Animal cell Bacterial cell Cell size comparison most bacteria • 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns • micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter • diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Organelles = structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell. Model Animal Cell
Cells need power to live! • Making energy • to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… • take in food & digest it • take in oxygen (O2) • make ATP • remove waste • organelles that do this work… • cell membrane • lysosomes • vacuoles & vesicles • mitochondria ATP
phosphate“head” Cell MEMBRANE • Function • separates cell from outside • controls what enters or leaves cell • O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste • recognizes signals from other cells • allows communication between cells • Structure • double layer of fat • phospholipid bilayer • receptor molecules • proteins lipid “tail”
Cytoplasm = jelly-like filling that holds organelles • Membrane • cell boundary • controls passage • communicates
Vacuoles & vesicles • Function • Transports material in cell • storage • Structure • membrane sac small foodparticle vacuole digesting food inside cell
food vacuoles central vacuole contractilevacuole Food & water storage plant cells animal cells
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals
Lysosomes • Function • digest food • clean up & recycle • digest broken organelles • Structure • membrane sac of digestive enzymes lysosomes small foodparticle digesting brokenorganelles vacuole digesting food
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals
Mitochondria • Function • make ATP energy from cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • fuels the work of life • Structure • double membrane ATP in both animal & plant cells
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals
Plants make energy two ways! ATP • Mitochondria • make energy from sugar + O2 • cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • Chloroplasts • make energy + sugar from sunlight • photosynthesis • sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar • ATP = active energy • sugar = stored energy • build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars sugar ATP
mitochondria Chloroplast/plastid Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells
When things go bad… • Diseases of lysosomes are fatal • digestive enzyme not working in lysosome • picks up food, but can’t digest it • lysosomes fill up with undigested material • grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function • example:Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells
But sometimes cells need to die… • Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed • some cells have to die for proper development in an organism • ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog • ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers during fetal development • “auto-destruct” process • lysosomes break open and kill cell • cell “suicide”
syndactyly Fetal development 6 weeks 15 weeks
+ water + energy glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + + 6O2 C6H12O6 ATP Chloroplasts • sun energy ATP & sugars • photosynthesis
The Great ENERGY Circle of Life sun Photosynthesis plants glucosesugar O2 + CO2 + H2O Respiration animals & plants ATP
cytoplasm central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals lysosome digestion & clean up
Cells need workers (proteins)! • Making proteins • to run daily life & growth, the cell must… • read genes (DNA) • build proteins • structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) • enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) • signals (hormones) & receptors • organelles that make proteins… • nucleus • ribosomes • endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus
Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structure enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells
Nucleus • Function • control center of cell • protects DNA • instructions for building proteins • Structure • nuclear membrane • nucleolus • ribosome factory • chromosomes • DNA
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals
Ribosomes • Function • protein factories • read instructions to build proteins from DNA • Structure • 2 subunits • some free in cytoplasm • some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER largesubunit smallsubunit
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals
Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function • part of protein factory • helps complete the proteins • makes membranes • Structure • rough ER • ribosomes attached • works on proteins • smooth ER • makes membranes
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes
Golgi Apparatus • Function • finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins • like UPS headquarters • shipping & receiving department • ships proteins in vesicles • “UPS trucks” • Structure • membrane sacs vesicles carrying proteins transport vesicles
TO: TO: TO: endoplasmicreticulum nucleus proteinon its way! DNA RNA vesicle vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finishedprotein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes
endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes nucleus control cell protects DNA ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals lysosome digestion & clean up
TEST TIPS! Before the test, use flash cards to help you study. Prepare cards about items that are difficult for you. Review the cards in random order.
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which structure is responsible for making proteins? • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic reticulum • Vacuoles
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Ribosomes are made in the • A. nucleus • B. nucleolus • C. rough endoplasmic reticulum • D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which structure controls what enters and leaves the cell? • A. nucleus • B. cell membrane • C. vacuoles • D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • In what structure would you find digestive enzymes? • A. ribosomes • B. lysosomes • C. golgi apparatus • D. vacuoles
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which structure has the ability to communicate with other cells? • A. nucleus • B. lysosomes • C. cell membrane • D. ribosomes
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which organelle provides the ATP energy for an animal cell? • A. mitochondria • B. chloroplast • C. rough endoplasmic reticulum • D. golgi apparatus
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • When proteins are complete, they go to which organelle for packaging? • A. golgi apparatus • B. ribosomes • C. vesicles • D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Plants can make energy in two ways. Which organelles are used in plants for making energy? • A. mitochondria and ribosomes • B. chloroplasts only • C. mitochondria and chloroplasts • D. mitochondria only
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which organelle holds large amounts of water to provide structure for a plant cell? • A. vesicle • B. central vacuole • C. cell wall • D. cell membrane
Cell Structures and Functions Quiz 10. In a plant cell where would you find chromosomes? A. nucleus B. nucleolus C. nuclear envelope D. chloroplasts