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René Descartes ( 1596-1650) Discourse on Method ( 1637) Cogito ergo sum ( “I think, therefore I am.” ) Cartesianism /Cartesian Dualism Two kinds of reality : “ thinking substance” and “ extended substance ” Coordinate geometry. Science and the Church
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René Descartes (1596-1650) Discourse on Method (1637) Cogito ergo sum(“I think, therefore I am.”) Cartesianism/Cartesian Dualism Two kinds of reality: “thinking substance” and “extended substance” Coordinate geometry
Science and the Church Catholic Church and Galileo. Reaction of Descartes Protestant vs. Catholic reactions
Science and European Governments Encouragement of rulers: technological and practical advantages 1662 Royal Society of London founded in England 1666 Royal Academy of Sciences founded in France Publication and dissemination
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1623-73) 1945 Royal Society admits women 14 Jan 2005 Larry Summers questions scientific abilities of women Canadian Association of University Teachers
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Principia: The MathematicalPrinciples of NaturalPhilosophy (1687) Conflict with Cartesians over role of God
Theory of gravitation: attraction and repulsion between objects Other discoveries: about nervous system, colours Inventing calculus (at same time as Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) 1660s Newton builds reflecting telescope James Gregory (1638-75)