Asterids – Campanulids

1. Asterids – Campanulids Spring 2014

2. Fig. 8.83

3. Asterids – Campanulids “Basal” Asterids Order Ericales Lamiids Order Solanales Order Gentianales Order Lamiales Campanulids Order Apiales *Apiaceae – carrots, parsley Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckle Adoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry Order Asterales *Asteraceae – sunflowers *family required for recognition

4. Asterids -- Campanulids:Apiales: Apiaceae(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae) • Nearly cosmopolitan • Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes usually hollow • Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera • Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced; petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually inflexed; stamens 5, filamentsdistinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore) • Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences usually involucrate compound umbels (sometimes simple or condensed into a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands • Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery – Apium; parsnip -Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum) • Family required

5. Apiaceae Zizia Daucus Anethum Cicuta

6. Apiaceae • reduced calyx • inflexed petals • inferior ovary • 2 carpels • stylopodium

7. Apiaceae schizocarps

8. Apiaceae: Daucus -bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately dissected leaves -umbels compound -involucre of more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts -flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly with pedicels -mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1° ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs involucre

9. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? anise caraway dill

10. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating?

11. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? parsley

12. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? carrot parsnip

13. Asterids -- Campanulids:Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae(The Honeysuckle Family) • Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate regions • Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite, simple • Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera (in the broad sense) • Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2 upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes; stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene. • Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen • Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera), Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry) • Family not required

14. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera -erect or climbing shrubs -leaves entire -calyx teeth very short -corolla tubular or funnelform, often more or less irregular -fruit a several-seeded berry

15. Campanulids:Dipsacales: Adoxaceae(The Elderberry family) • Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere • Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound • Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera • Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate, reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits • Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate, showy • Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies and wines • Family not required

16. Adoxaceae Adoxa Viburnum Sambucus

17. Adoxaceae: Viburnum -shrubs or small trees -leaves simple -inflorescences compound cymes -flowers usually white (rarely pink) -corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed -ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort -fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe

18. Adoxaceae: Sambucus (elderberry) -herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent -leaves pinnately compound -inflorescences compound cymes -corolla broadly spreading -fruit a drupe containing 3 pits

19. Campanulids:Asterales: Asteraceae(The Sunflower Family – Most diverse family of angiosperms) • Cosmopolitan • Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present • Diversity: 23,600 species in ca. 1,600 genera • Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus; petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla; anthers fused into a tube around the style (syngenesious); pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferiorovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts) • Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes • Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.). • Family only

20. The ultimate pseudanthium

21. Asteraceae Pseudanthium = false flower • disk + ray florets Berlandiera Involucre of phyllaries

22. Asteraceae • Floral Terminology: • Head (= capitulum) • Pseudanthium • Involucre • Phyllaries • Floret • Ligulate or ray floret • Disk floret

23. Asteraceae: ray flower/floret

24. Asteraceae: disk flower/floret

25. Three flower arrangements ray flowers only disk flowers only ray and disk flowers

26. Asteraceae: Taraxacum -perennial or biennial herbs -heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape, of only ray flowers -pappus feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the achene matures -involucre reflexed at fruit maturity for wind dispersal Seeds produced mostly by asexual means

27. Asteraceae: Helianthus -coarse, stout herbs -involucre of overlapping phyllaries -heads solitary or in a corymb, many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers, the ray flowers with a yellow corolla -chaff persistent -pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also present

28. Asteraceae: Solidago -perennial herbs -stem leaves sessile or nearly so -heads small, mostly in racemes or clusters -heads few- to many-flowered, mostly of ray flowers -ray flowers usually 1-20 per head, pistillate -pappus simple, of equal fine bristles -achenes nearly terete

29. Senecio -heads in branched clusters -heads of ray flowers -flowers yellow -ca. 1500 species

30. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? artichoke

31. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? chicory

32. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? lettuce endive

33. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? safflower oil

34. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? sunflower

35. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Medicinal plants • Camomile (Athemis)

36. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Weedy plants: • Dandelion (Taraxacum)

37. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Weedy plants: • Ragweed (Ambrosia)

38. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Ornamentals: • Chrysanthemum • (“mums;” Chrysanthemum) • Dahlia (Dahlia) • Daisy (Chrysanthemum) • Marigold (Tagetes) • Sunflower (Helianthus) • Zinnia (Zinnia)

39. Ecological Roles