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To 1775

To 1775. CHAPTER 4 AFRICAN ENSLAVEMENT: THE TERRIBLE TRANSFORMATION. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ.

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To 1775

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  1. To 1775 CHAPTER 4 AFRICAN ENSLAVEMENT: THE TERRIBLE TRANSFORMATION CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. “to live in ease and plenty by the toil of those whom violence and cruelty have put in our power” was clearly not “consistent with Christianity or common justice.” John Woolman, Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes, 1754

  3. TIMELINE 1619 Dutch warship brings 20 African men and women to Virginia 1625 Brazil major importer of slaves 1640 Virginia’s General Court sentences John Punch to servitude for the rest of his life 1652 Rhode Island passes law limiting all involuntary service to no more than 10 years 1662 Virginia law makes slavery hereditary 1664 Maryland law regarding religion and slaves, making slavery race-based. 1665 The Great Plague in Europe 1672 The Royal African Company chartered 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion 1691 Virginia law outlawing interracial marriages

  4. TIMELINE continued 1712 New York City Revolt 1713 England contracts to deliver Africans to Spanish colonies 1723 Virginia statues prevent free people of color from voting, unfair taxes, and outlaws their holding firearms 1731 New Orleans slave plots 1733 Savannah, Georgia established by Oglethorpe 1739 Stono Rebellion 1741 New York Slave Plot 1750 Blacks make up 60% of South Carolina’s population Georgia permits slavery 1754 Georgia becomes a royal colony

  5. THE TERRIBLE TRANSFORMATION Overview • The Descent into Race Slavery • The Growth of Slave Labor Camps • England Enters the Atlantic Slave Trade • Survival in a Strange New Land • The Transformation Completed

  6. THE DESCENT INTO RACE SLAVERY • The Caribbean Precedent • Ominous Beginnings • The Fateful Transition

  7. The Caribbean Precedent • Native population declines through epidemics and slave trade expands • Gold in Mexico and Peru • Asiento (contract allows slave imports to Spanish colonies) • Portuguese purchase Africans for sugar plantations in Brazil • Christian dilemma of slave trade resolved by considering Africans infidels

  8. Ominous Beginnings • 1619: Dutch bring 20 African men and women to Virginia • 1640: African sentenced to unending servitude “for the time of his natural life” and a law passes prohibiting blacks from bearing arms

  9. Alternative Sources of Labor • Captured Native Americans • Succumb to epidemics • Integral player in deerskin trade • Wilderness diplomacy undermined • Conflicts on the frontier • Impoverished Europeans • Kidnapping outlawed • Indentured servants and “freedom dues” • “Feedback loop” enabling prospective immigrants to know of mistreatments

  10. The Fateful Transition • 1662: Virginia accords slave status based on whether the mother is free or enslaved (slavery inherited) • 1664: Maryland law changes consideration of slavery from religious status to skin color

  11. Black Involvement in Bacon’s Rebellion • Chesapeake region in 1676 • Freed, indentured servants in search of land back Bacon’s Rebellion • Slaves also recruited with the promise of liberty from Bacon

  12. The Rise of a Slaveholding Tidewater Elite • Divide and Conquer • Improve the poor whites’ conditions and reduce the legal status of Africans • Longer lives make freed indentured servants competitors to plantation owners; slaves work lasted a lifetime • Plantation owners reap large profits

  13. Closing the Vicious Circle in the Chesapeake • Expanded slave-trading makes slaves available and affordable • Land bonus to anyone who purchases an African arrival • 1691: Virginia bans interracial marriage • 1705: Virginia’s Negro Act

  14. ENGLAND ENTERS THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • The Slave Trade on the African Coast • The Middle Passage Experience

  15. Regions of the African Slave Trade in 1700

  16. The Slave Trade on the African Coast • Sugar production in America spurs more slave trading on the African coast. Local servants bartered and/or war captives traded. • By 1670s, 15,000 people traded into slavery per year • Congo-Angola supplies 4.5 million Africans to slave trade during the entire life of slave trading

  17. The Middle Passage Experience • The 5 stages • Capture and deportation • Sale and imprisonment • The Middle Passage: crossing the Atlantic • The selling process • Time of seasoning

  18. SURVIVAL IN A STRANGE NEW LAND • African Rice Growers in South Carolina • Patterns of Resistance • A Wave of Rebellion

  19. Enslaved People Living in North America in 1750: Distribution by Colony, Percentage of Total Population

  20. African Rice Growers in South Carolina • South Carolina: the highest proportion of slaves. A black majority and a white minority. • Sullivan’s Island’s quarantine reduces epidemics • South Carolina closer to Africa and Caribbean • Subtropical climate favorable to African crop of rice. First used by slaves for their own food, it enriches the plantation owners as export to England (for rice pudding) and European countries as cheap grain for soldiers, orphans, and peasants.

  21. Patterns of Resistance • Running away, burning the harvest, killing masters and overseers • New York Slave Revolt of 1712

  22. A Wave of Rebellion • 1731: New Orleans slave plots • 1739: Stono River uprising near Charleston • 1740: Charleston slave plot and great fire • 1741: New York City slave plot

  23. THE TRANSFORMATION COMPLETED • Voices of Dissent • Oglethorpe’s Antislavery Experiment • The End of Equality in Georgia

  24. Voices of Dissent • 1700: Judge Samuel Sewell, The Selling of Joseph • 1706: Cotton Mather, The Negro Christianized • 1701: Bray and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts • 1723: Mulatto slave petitions bishop of London protesting “Cruell Bondegg” • 1735: Priber in Appalachia. “Paradise” uniting Indians, Africans, and Europeans • 1754: Quaker Woolman, Some Consideration on the Keeping of Negroes

  25. Oglethorpe’s Antislavery Experiment • 1733: Governor James Oglethorpe and 114 settlers establish Savannah in Georgia • 1735: Law enacted that prohibits slavery and excludes free blacks from the colony • Oglethorpe impressed with the fighting he encountered from ex-slaves proclaims: embittered slaves “ would be either Recruits to an Enemy or Plunder for them.” • 1785: Oglethorpe dies opposing the slave trade

  26. The End of Equality in Georgia • 1742: Spain invades Georgia • Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simon’s Island • Malcontents in Savannah and merchants push for the legalization of slavery to overcome Georgia’s hardships (climate, poor soil, restrictive land policies, lack of representative government) • 1750: Trustees allow acreage to be bought and sold freely • January, 1, 1751: slavery permitted in Georgia • 1754: Georgia becomes a royal colony

  27. English-Spanish Competition and the Expansion of Slavery into Georgia

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