Age of Jackson

1. Age of Jackson (1824 – 1840)

2. People who supported Andrew Jackson supported the interests of the common man. Andrew Jackson was for the people. • He made it so all white men could vote. Before, concusses (legislative groups) disciplined and voted candidates. Jackson made it so the people voted instead. • Patrons (people who give support) can go to office. The elected can reward their supporters and punish their opponents. • Jackson didn’t like the Eastern Elite (the higher class big cities on the east coast), because he believed in equality. Jackson Democracy: Andrew Jackson

3. 1816 – 1828: Tariffs passed were the first to protect. The Tariff of Abomination was made to protect the northern industry, and it made John C. Calhoun make the Doctrine of Nullification. • The Doctrine of Nullification protected the states’ rights not to enforce laws passed by congress. • In the Webster-Hayne debate, Webster was against nullification: “We are a union.” Jackson was against it too, and this made him seem like a strong president. Nullification Crisis: John C. Calhoun

4. Jackson was against the second bank of the United States because it gave some people special privileges and did not provoke equality. • If there were fewer US banks, there would be more state banks. If there were more state banks, more credit would be developed. This created a stronger two-party system. The Whigs (those who supported the revolution) supported Henry Clay’s more American bank system. Bank War: Henry Clay

5. 1831: The Cherokees requested the court to challenge Jackson’s removal order. In the Worcester vs. Georgiana case, the Indians won their land. • Jackson was strongly against Indian treaties. • Cherokees had to leave their homeland, however, and settle along the Mississippi river. The trail of tears was the Indian Route they took when they were relocated to the territory of Oklahoma. A quarter of the Indians died while on this route. Removal of Native Americans :

6. 1816 – 1860: Cotton gins, rich farm land, and textile (fabric) manufacturing made cotton the most profitable crop. • The majority of white men were small farmers who didn’t own slaves, not wealthy ones. The ones who owned slaves, however, dominated the south. The cost of slaves grew a lot in this time because of the increase of American-born slaves. • The slaves were social among their friends even when they were separated. They also could own property. Though it was difficult and not completely legal, they could marry as well. Slaves rebelled a lot – some faked illnesses to get out of work. Planters and Slaves in the South:

7. 1825 – 1850: The Erie Canal was expanded, and steamboats became widely used. Railroads were first used in 1828. • The west was opened to trade which brought cities closer. Steamboats were being used more and more, and the cost of transportation went down. Railroads enabled farmers to get to Eastern European markets. The south was the least affected by the new transportation methods. The Transportation Revolution:

8. Grid maps were used for the first time (in this type of scale) to reform the island of New York to be the state that was needed. For the first time, streets were numbered, hills were leveled, and waterways were expanded. This revolution made it easy for foreign immigrants to get to their place of work and convenient of important and export shipments. Transportation Cont’d: • Erie Canal Documentary from • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rx8Gikjhom

9. Social and Cultural Movements

10. Women were not allowed to vote, serve on juries, etc. “Republican motherhood” means that women were important as merely wives and mothers and should only be involved with family and religion, though some argued they should be equal citizens. • Textile mills (clothes machines) were run mainly by women and children in Lowell, Massachusetts. Soon Irish immigrants took over. The Role of Women:

11. Cult of Domesticity: “Women were expected to be pious, pure, submissive, and domestic. Wives were to obey their husbands. Respectful women worked inside the home, and their master status was being a mother.” Roles Cont’d: - Cult of Domesticity video from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL2DfxIMdjQ

12. The women’s movement was led by middle-class women and strove for legal and educational rights. They ran alongside anti-slave and temperance (anti-alcohol) movements. No conventions were held in the south. • 1848: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretius Mott led the Seneca Falls convention, a famous resolution for women equality: “Declaration for Sentiments and Resolutions.” Women wanted to vote, retain property from ex-husbands, divorce and child-custody rights, and education. • Dorothea Dix treated people that had mental and emotional disabilities, but was not involved in the women’s rights movement. However, she was an activist for people’s rights. Changing the Role of Women: Dorothea Dix

13. Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher were traveling preachers that led the Second Great Awakening (a religious revival). Finney was successful in the “burned over district” (central and western New York) because of powerful prayer meetings. The Second Great Awakening made people aware of the moral issues that went along with slavery. • The American Colonization society, led by the middle class, tried to return slaves to Africa. • William Lloyd Garrison was the editor of “Liberator” (an anti-slave newspaper) and among the founders of the anti-slave society. He adamantly called for slave emancipation. He also supported women’s rights, causing the Anti-slave society to rival (with opposing opinions) against each other. • Fredrick Douglass was a black abolitionist (against slavery) about equal rights for everyone (including women and Indians). • Sarah Moore Grimke was the first woman to support women and black rights. Abolition: William Lloyd Garrison

14. “The Great Awakening was a period of great religious fervor… The Antebellum reform refers to… reforming society, addressing society’s ills and speaking to make American society better.” Abolition Cont’d: • The Great Awakening video from • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Im0vauVUsz8

15. Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that notes the things earth-based that might be going on to create the things we see. An article from www.csustan.edu explains the movement well: • An individual is the spiritual center of the universe… it is not a rejection of the existence of God, but a preference to explain… in terms of an individual. • All knowledge… begins with self knowledge. • Transcendentalists accepted the neo-Platonic conception of nature as a living mystery, full of signs • The belief that individual virtue and happiness depends on self-realization. Transcendentalism and Utopian Communities:

16. Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson were leading writers for transcendentalism. • Utopians believed that the better someone was the better life they would have. Brook Farm, New Harmony, and the Oneida Community are examples of Utopian Communities. Transcendentalism and Utopianism Cont’d Henry David Thoreau

17. McGuffey/Eclectic readers are famous 19th century textbooks about patriotism. Newspapers became a big deal. Education became much more important (laws were developed and schools were built). Cultural Advances: Thomas Cole

18. The Hudson River School was Thomas Cole’s are group that painted beautiful American landscapes. It was America’s first school of art. Cultural Advances Cont’d: Picture from http://desmondfishlibrary.org