Progression to AIDS: Changes in the Immune Response Angeliz Rivera Bio 475 01

1. Klein, S.A., J.M. Dobmeyer, T.S. Dobmeyer, M. Pape, O.G. Ottman, E.B. Helm, D. Hoelzer, and R. Rossol. 1997. Demonstration of the Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift during the course of HIV-1 infection using cytoplasmic cytokine detection on single cell level by flow cytometry. AIDS 11:1111-1118. Progression to AIDS: Changes in the Immune Response Angeliz Rivera Bio 475 01

2. Content • The Immune System-- Overview • Immunodeficiency Disorders-- AIDS • Progression to AIDS-- Hypothesis • Th1/ Th2 shift • Further Research • Conclusion

3. The Immune System-- An Overview

4. The Cells of the Immune System • Natural Killer Cells (NKC) • B cell • Granulocytes or Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Leukocytes • Macrophages • Dendritic • T cells

5. The Cells of the Immune System http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/immunology/page2.html

6. Immune Response-- Overview

7. What is Th1? • Coordinates • Cell- mediated immunity

8. What is Th2? • Recognition of antigens • Humoral immunity

9. Humoral vs. Cell-mediated Immunity http://www.endotext.org/adrenal/adrenal28/adrenal28.htm

10. Immunodeficiency Diseases

11. What is AIDS? • Primary cause HIV-1

12. What causes AIDS?-- Hypothesis

13. Further Research • Reverse the switch of Th1/ Th2 • Induce a revival of Th1 response

14. Conclusion

15. References • Berger, A. 2000. Science commentary: Th1 and Th2 responses: what are they?. BMJ 321:424. • Bogner, J.R., R. Walli, and F.D. Goebel. 2001. Th1/Th2 shift in HIV lymph nodes: no contribution of CD6o cells. Infection 29:32-36. • Clerici, M., and G.M. Shearer. 1993. A Th1→Th2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunology Today 14:107-11. • Clerici, M., F.T. Hakim, D.J. Venzon, S. Blatt, C.W. Hendrix, T.A. Wynn, and G.M. Shearer. 1993. Changes in Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-4 production in asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 91:759-765. • Estaquier, J., T. Idziorek, W. Zou, D. Emilie, C.-M. Farber, J.-M. Bourez, and J.C. Ameisen. 1995. T helper type 1/Thelper type2 cytokines and T cell death: preventive effect of Interleukin 12 on activation-induced and Cd95 (FAS/APO-1)-mediated apoptosis of CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J. Exp. Med. 182:1759-1767.

16. Continuation References • Fiorentino, D.F., M.W. Bond, and T.R. Mosmann. 1989. Two types of mouse T helper cell IV. Th2 clones secrete a factor that inhibits cytokine production by Th1 clones. J. Exp. Med. 170:2081-2095 • Jaspan, H.B., S.D. Lawn, J.T. Safrit, and L.-G. Bekker. 2006. The maturing immune system: implications for development and testing HIV-1 vaccines for children and adolescents. AIDS 20:483-494 • Klein, S.A., J.M. Dobmeyer, T.S. Dobmeyer, M. Pape, O.G. Ottman, E.B. Helm, D. Hoelzer, and R. Rossol. 1997. Demonstration of the Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift during the course of HIV-1 infection using cytoplasmic cytokine detection on single cell level by flow cytometry. AIDS 11:1111-1118. • Meyaard, L., S.A. Otto, I.P.M. Keet, R.A.W. van Lier, and F. Miedema. 1994. Changes in cytokine secretion patterns of CD4+ T-cell clones in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood 84:4262-4268 • Ramalingam, S., R. Kannangai, T.S. Vijayakumar, D. Mathai, O.C. Abraham, S. Subramanian, P. Rupali, M.V. Jesudason, and G. Sridharan. 2005. Subtype& cytokine profiles of HIV infected individuals from south India. Indian J Med Res 121:226-234.

17. Online Sources • http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html • http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/intro/th1th2/th1th2.html