Group 3

1. Group 3 Mariel Dela Pena Azel Vivares Allea MicosaDane Belan Carl Domingo

2. Guide Questions: • What are the characteristics of Green Algae? • What are the 5 major groups of plants?

3. KINGDOM PLANTAE

4. Plants, also called green plants (Viridiplantain Latin), are living organisms of the kingdom Plantae including such multicellular groups as flowering plants, conifers, ferns and mosses, as well as, depending on definition, the green algae, but not red or brown seaweeds like kelp, nor fungi or bacteria. Green plants have cell walls with cellulose and characteristically obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which gives them their green color.

5. Green plants have cell walls with cellulose and characteristically obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic and may not produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or photosynthesize. Plants are also characterized by sexual reproduction, modular and indeterminate growth, and an alteration of generations, although asexual reproduction is common, and some plants bloom only once while others bear only one bloom.

6. GREEN ALGAE

7. WHAT IS GREEN ALGAE? Green algae are the plants that grow mostly in water. They are aquatic and found in fresh and saltwater and in some moist areas in land. It includes both unicellular and multicellular species. Did you know that Green algae where the first plants that appear on earth? During the fossil formations in the Cambrian period, there are more than 550 million years ago, they show evidences of large mats of green algae. Most green algae do not contain the specialized tissues found in other plants.

8. How it reproduce? • It reproduce through asexual and sexual reproduction with gametes and spores.

10. GROUPS OF GREEN ALGAE

11. Chlorophytes (Classic Green Algae) -These algae usually live as single cells, like Chlamydomonas, or in colonies like Volvox. They are usually found in both fresh and salt water, and some species are known to live in arctic snowbanks.

12. Charophytes(Stoneworts) -Among all the green algae, charophytes are the most closest relatives of more complicated plants. They are mostly freshwater species. Its branching filaments may be anchored to the substrate by thin rhizoids.

14. Ulvophytes(Sea lettuces) -Ulvophytesare large organisms composed of hundreds or thousands of cells. Most from large, flattened green sheets often called seaweed. It both shows haploid and diploid phases in life cycles but in many species, susch as sea lettuce Ulva, is different to tell the two phases apart.

15. BRYOPHYTES

16. What is Bryophytes? • is a resource devoted to Bryologist, the branch of plant science concerned with the study of mosses, liverworts and hornworts. It provides information on the classification, structural features, natural history, ecology and evolutionary relationships of these plants.

17. GROUPS OF BRYOPHYTES

18. Mosses: Classic bryophytes • Mosses are found on damp, wee-shaded soil, and occasionally along the sides of tree trunks. Mosses produce large, multicellular sex organs for reproduction. Many bryophytes are unisexual, or sexually dioicous. In mosses male sex organs, called antheridia, are produced in clusters at the tips of shoots or branches on the male plants and female sex organs, the archegonia, are produced in similar fashion on female plants.

20. LIFE CYCLE OF A MOSS

21. Liverworts • Liverwort sporophyte develop completely enclosed within gametophyte tissues until their capsules are ready to open. The seta, which is initially very short, consists of small, thin-walled, hyaline cells. Just prior to capsule opening, the seta cells lengthen, thereby increasing the length of the seta up to 20 times its original dimensions. This rapid elongation pushes the darkly pigmented capsule and upper part of the whitish seta out of the gametophytic tissues. With drying, the capsule opens by splitting into four segments, or valves. 

22. Life cycle of liverwort

23. Hornworts • Hornworts resemble some liverworts in having simple, unspecialized thalloid gametophytes, but they differ in many other characters. For example, colonies of the symbiotic cyan bacteriumNostoc fill small cavities that are scattered throughout the ventral part of the hornwort thallus. When the thallus is viewed from above, these colonies appear as scattered blue-green dots.

25. Ferns • ferns are common and abundant. ferns are generally found in areas that are damp at least part of the year. the sporophyte phase of the life cycle is dominant. spores are produces in prominent clusters known as sori.

27. CLUB MOSSES • Not really mosses. There’s vascular plants are also called lycopods. these plants were especially abundant during the carboniferous period 360 to 290 million years ago when they grew as large as trees.

29. Horsetails • only single geniuses of horsetails are known, EQUISETUM. These plants were thought to resemble horses' tails; today, only 25 species are known. But horsetails ere much more diverse, larger in size and abundant. Abrasive silica FOUND IN MANY HORSETAILS was used k colonial times as scouring powder to clean pans.

31. What is Seedless Vascular Plants? • The descendants of certain lineages of seedless vascular plants, with names such as whisk ferns, lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns.

32. GROUPS OS SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

33. Ferns • is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants belonging to the botanical group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants. Ferns reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.

34. Club mosses • is a class of plants often loosely grouped as the fern allies. Traditionally the group included not only the club mosses and fir mosses, but also the spike mosses (Selaginella and relatives) and the quillwort (Isoetes and relatives). However, the latter are now usually separated off into a separate class, Isoetopsida.

35. Horsetails • (Equisetum species) are among the oldest plants on earth. Tree-size horsetail fossils have been found in coal beds which date back to the Paleozoic Era. Although they've become considerably smaller, with some now only a few inches tall, they have not changed significantly in shape over the centuries.

36. gymnosperms

37. What is Gymnosperms? • Gymnosperms are seed-producing pants. They are true roots, stem, and leaves. They’re also seed-bearing plants but they don’t produce flowers. Instead they have male and female reproductive organs (mostly in cone form).

38. GROUPS OF GYMNOSPERMS

39. Conifers • conifers are by far the most diverse group of living gymnosperms.

40. Cycads • they are seed plants they are mostly characterized by a woody trunk with a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves. They typically grow very slowly and live very long.

41. Ginkgoes • is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants. They were common when dinosaurs were alive, but today they only contain one group (which is the ginkgo biloba).

42. Gnetophytes • about 70 percent-day species of gnetophytes are known, placed in just three genera

43. ANGIOSPERMS

44. What is Angiosperms? • They are plants that bear seeds in a classed ovary. The ovary is part of a reproductive organ known as a flower. The flowering plants, also known Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies.

45. GROUPS OF ANGIOSPERMS

46. Amborella • is a genus of rare understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the island of New Caledonia.

47. Nymphaeaceae • are aquatic, rhizomatous herbs comprising eight genera and 70 species.

48. Magnoliids • a major group of basal angiosperms. They split off from the rest of the angiosperm line after monocots and, therefore, do not represent the earliest flowering plant.

49. Monocots • are one of two major groups of flowering plants (or angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf), in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots

50. Eudicots • account for about 75 percent of all angiosperm species. The name means “true dicots”, and these plants are the ones usually given as examples of dicots stem, leaf, and flower structure. Eudicots  are a monophyletic ground (clade or evolutionarily related group) of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors.