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Chapter 5.1 Hazardous waste handling and storage

Chapter 5.1 Hazardous waste handling and storage. Links in an integrated in hazardous waste management system. Storage. Collection/ Transportation. Disposal. Storage site selection. On-site storage: In waste generator premises Not subject to flooding

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Chapter 5.1 Hazardous waste handling and storage

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  1. Chapter 5.1Hazardous waste handling and storage TRP Chapter 5.1 1

  2. Links in an integrated in hazardous waste management system Storage Collection/ Transportation Disposal TRP Chapter 5.1 2

  3. Storage site selection On-site storage: • In waste generator premises • Not subject to flooding • Away from manufacturing/processing areas • Away from employee activities Off-site storage: • Not subject to flooding • Away from residential area • Ideally in industrial area • Good access to public infrastructure eg roads, emergency services TRP Chapter 5.1 3

  4. Storage site design criteria 1 • . • Minimise risk of explosion or unplanned releases • Keep incomatible wastes separate • Not < 15m from site boundary (where possible) • Away from foot & vehicular traffic • Impermeable base material • Leak and spill containment Source: David C Wilson TRP Chapter 5.1 4

  5. Storage site design criteria 2 • Protection from climate • Good ventilation • Limit height of stacked containers • Eye wash station • Provide drainage system or elevate • Adsorbent material for spills • Re-packaging area • Comply with regulations TRP Chapter 5.1 5

  6. Hazardous waste compatibility 1 Compatibility = the ability of two or more materials to exist in close association with each other without the formation of harmful chemical or physical reactions • Need compatibility between: • waste & container • wastes stored together • wastes stored close to each other • wastes & environment TRP Chapter 5.1 6

  7. Hazardous waste compatibility 2 Source: UK DoE (1988) Waste Management Paper No 26 TRP Chapter 5.1 7

  8. Undesirable reactions to mixing incompatible wastes • Generation of heat by chemical reaction • Alkali metals, metal powders • Generation of toxic gases • Hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide • Generation of flammable gases • Hydrogen, acetylene • Generation of gases • Nitrogen oxides, chlorine,sulphur dioxide • Dissolution of toxic compounds • Heavy metals, complexing agents TRP Chapter 5.1 8

  9. Duration of hazardous waste storage • Storage should be for as brief a period as possible • Permitted temporary storage duration varies from country to country Western Europe: • Typically 28 or 90 days USA: • Up to 90 days for large quantity generators • Up to 180 days for small quantity generators Some European countries and Far East: • Indefinite period allowed TRP Chapter 5.1 9

  10. Long term storage • For longer term storage, different controls needed • If storage may be indefinite, controls should be similar to those for final disposal facilities • Long term storage may be a practical solution to the problem of a shortage of hazardous waste treatment and dsiposal facilities • Important to avoid ‘storage’ becoming an excuse for uncontrolled disposal TRP Chapter 5.1 10

  11. Types of storage • Containerised • Bulk liquids in tanks • Bulk solids in bunkers, silos, skips TRP Chapter 5.1 11 Source: Safe hazardous waste management systems ISWA 2002

  12. Packaging materials • Must be inert and not react with the hazardous waste • Must be able to absorb impact • Materials which can be used include: • Steel • Aluminium • Natural Wood • Plywood • Reconstituted wood • Fibreboard • Plastic material • Textile • Metal (other than steel or aluminium) • Glass or stoneware TRP Chapter 5.1 12

  13. Types of containers • Bags • Boxes • Drums • Jerrycans • Combination packaging • Composite packaging TRP Chapter 5.1 13 Source: Safe hazardous waste management systems ISWA 2002

  14. Container selection criteria • Inert will not react with contents • is impervious to attack from contents • Robust and able to absorb impact • Good condition, free of leaks, structural defects or rust, clean • Able to be kept closed except when waste material being added or removed • Contents will not escape in normal handling • Suitable for quantity/volume of wastes - not over filled TRP Chapter 5.1 14

  15. Drums and cans • Drums: • Reconditioned drums are cheaper than new ones • Inspect quality and type of drum • Cans: • Useful for vertical free space • Potential problems: • Increase in disposal cost • Increase in handling risks TRP Chapter 5.1 15

  16. Tanks • Suitable for storage of bulk material • Offer rigid and integral containment • Easy to inspect • Suitable for bulk materials handling systems eg pipelines, belt conveyors TRP Chapter 5.1 16

  17. Marking and labelling Source: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Research & Special Programs Administration, 2000 TRP Chapter 5.1 17

  18. All markings Markings should be: • Durable • In English and/or native language • Unobscured • Against a contrasting background • Away from other markings TRP Chapter 5.1 18

  19. Labels All containers must be clearly marked with waste type and hazard • Labels should be: • Made of good quality materials • Durable • Weather resistant • Well located • Recognisable and legible in day and night time • Give information about handling precautions and prohibitions • At least 100mm on each side TRP Chapter 5.1 19

  20. Types of labels Hazard labels: • In the shape of a square set at 45º • Required for most dangerous goods except for magnetised materials Handling labels: • In various rectangular shapes • Required either alone or in addition of hazard labels for some dangerous goods TRP Chapter 5.1 20

  21. Record keeping and inspection Inspection: • To ensure proper handling and storage • To check integrity of storage Record keeping: • To provide a record of waste generation and movement • To inform a subseqeuent disposal option • To serve as “chain of custody” document • To comply with regulations • To ensure duty of care TRP Chapter 5.1 21

  22. Handling and storage hazards for personnel • Accidental injury eg equipment, containers falling, fires, explosions • Chemical or biological harm eg respiratory problems, skin complaints • Systemic effects: • nausea • headaches • cancer TRP Chapter 5.1 22

  23. Chapter 5.1 Summary • Handling and storage are part of an integrated system - need to: • Choose/design storage site carefully • Ensure waste compatibility • Consider storage duration and types of storage • Select appropriate packaging materials and containers • Ensure proper marking and labelling • Keep accurate records and make regular inspections • Consider hazards for personnel TRP Chapter 5.1 23

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