HIV/AIDS

1. HIV/AIDS Lauren Davidson

2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Commonly know as HIV • Attacks the immune system • Destroys CD4+ T cells • Transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids • Blood • Semen, pre-seminal fluid • Rectal fluids • Vaginal fluids • Breast milk

3. Stages of HIV • Acute Infection • Clinical Latency • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome • AIDS

4. 1. Acute Infection • Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV • Acute retroviral syndrome (ARS): flu-like symptoms • Primary HIV infection • Possible to show no symptoms • Greatest chance to spread HIV

5. 2. Clinical Latency • Asymptomatic/Chronic HIV infection • Virus reproduces within the body at slower rates • Still possible to spread virus

6. 3. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome • AIDS- final stage of infection • Body is vulnerable to infections and infection-related cancers • Opportunistic illnesses • Diagnosis: • CD4+ cells < 200 cells/mm3 • Develop one or more opportunistic illnesses

7. HIV/AIDS in the us • First reported in the United States: • HIV: mid-late 1970’s • AIDS: 1981 • Since 1981, more than 980,000 cases of AIDS have been reported • Over 1,000,000 Americans are infected with HIV • ¼ are unaware of infection

8. HIV/aids in the us • About 50,000 people get infected with HIV each year • In 2010, about 15,500 people with AIDS died in the United States • More than 635,000 individuals with AIDS in the United States have died

9. HIV/aids in the us

10. Transmission • Having sex without a condom • Sharing needles • Pregnancy, child birth, breast feeding • 25% chance

11. Risk factors Gender Racial/Ethnicity Risky Behavior Age

12. Complications Common infections Other complications Cancer: Kaposi's sarcoma tumor of the blood vessel walls Lymphoma Wasting syndrome Dementia Kidney disease • Tuberculosis (TB) • Salmonellosis. • Cytomegalovirus (CMV • Candidiasis • “Thrush” • Cryptococcal meningitis • Toxoplasmosis • Cryptosporidiosis

13. treatment • HIV/AIDS is not curable • Only treatable • 31 antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) • Suppress virus replication • Medication regimen • Several drugs, several times a day • “Medical cocktail” • Adherence is crucial

14. Prevention Reduce the risk of contracting or transmitting HIV: Do not share needles Use male or female condoms • Get tested regularly • Practice abstinence • Remain faithful to spouse/ partner

15. Stress • Psychosocial factors play an important role in progression of HIV infection, its morbidity and mortality: • Stressful life events • Depression • Denial/Avoidance coping • Negative expectations • Lack of social support • ARV treatment helps to reduce impact of stress

16. Thank you

17. Bibliography • Balbin, EG, Ironson, GH,Solomon, GF. (1999). Stress and Coping: The Psychoneuroimmunology of HIV/AIDS. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 13(4), 615-633. • Baruchel, S. (1992). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Disease Progression in Individuals Infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 52(1), 111-114. • HIV/AIDS (2008). In National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases online. Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/Pages/whatAreHIVAI DS.aspx • HIV Basics (n.d). In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention online. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html • Leserman, J., Petitto, J. M., Golden, R. N., Gaynes, B. N., & al, e. (2000). Impact of Stressful Life Events, Depression, Social Support, Coping, and Cortisol on Progression to AIDS. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(8), 1221-8. • Leserman, J., Petitto, J. M., Gu, H., Gaynes, B. N., Barroso, J., Golden, R. N., Evans, D. L. (2002). Progression to AIDS, a Clinical AIDS Condition and Mortality: Psychosocial and Physiological Predictors. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 1059-73.