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Why brimm ?

African-American and Hispanic-American Doctor Shortage Health Care Careers C onsidered B est Jobs and Opportunities Inequality in Health care Access and Delivery. Why brimm ?. Health care jobs dominate the list:

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Why brimm ?

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  1. African-American and Hispanic-American Doctor Shortage Health Care Careers Considered Best Jobs and Opportunities Inequality in Health care Access and Delivery Why brimm?

  2. Health care jobs dominate the list: • Health care jobs require years of higher education. But workers willing and able to make that investment see it pay dividends in the form of high salaries and ample opportunities. Plus, experts predict there will be great demand for nurses, physicians and other medical practitioners in the years to come. The 25 Best Jobs of 2019 (US News and world report)

  3. Based on • Salary • Employment rate (unemployment rate) • Growth rate/job prospects • Stress level • Work/life balance Rating the best jobs

  4. The List • 23. Speech Language Pathologist ($76,610) • 22. Podiatrist ($127,740) • 21. Clinical Lab Technologist ($51,770) • 20. Physical Therapist($ 86, 850) • 19. Registered Nurse ($70,000) • 16. Nurse Midwife ($100,500) • 14. Surgeon ($+208,000) • 14. tie—Anesthesiologist ($+208,000) • 13. Occupational Therapist ($83,200) • 9. tie---Physician ($192,930)

  5. The List • 9. Prosthodontist ($182,150) • 9. Oral/Maxillofacial Surgeon ($+208,000) • 9. Ob/Gyn ($+208,000) • 8. Pediatrician ($172,650) • 7. Nurse Practitioner ($103,880 • 5. Nurse Anesthetist ($165,120) • 5. Tie---Orthodontist ($+208,000) • 4. Dentist ($151,440) • 3. Physician Assistant ($104,860) • 1. Software Developer ($101,700)

  6. Why brimm? (2000) • African Americans make up 13% of U.S. population • African Americans make up 4.4% of all U.S. physicians and surgeons • Proportion of racial/ethnic minorities in U.S. is increasing, but representation in medical schools is not

  7. In 2013, out of the total U.S. MD active physicians, 4.1% were Black or African American, 4.4% were Hispanic or Latino, 11.7% were Asian.The percentage of black or African-American women physicians (54.7%) was greater than that of men (45.3%) of the same racial and ethnic group. However, men comprised a greater percentage of physicians than women across Asian (56.4%), American Indian or Alaska Native (58.1%), Hispanic or Latino (59.0%), and white (65.2%) racial and ethnic groups. UPDaTED STATISTICS: Better?

  8. “Research indicates that diversity in the physician workforce impacts the quality of care received by patients.” (2013) AAMC http://www.msn.com/en-us/health/wellness/black-mens-health-initiative-aims-to-end-disparities-in-dc-supernumberfortheculture/ar-AAH9cSb The secret to keeping black men healthy, maybe black doctors?---NY Times 08/21/2018

  9. Black Men in White Coats Black men in white coats

  10. Population by Race & Hispanic Origin: United States, 2000 & Projected 2050 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, May 2001

  11. 14.2% of U.S is Latino (2000) 6.4% of U.S. doctors are Hispanic (2000) Hispanic fastest growing ethnic group Similar growth is not evident in medical schools In 2007, the number of accepted Latino students to medical school was down 4% from 2006 Hispanic doctor shortage

  12. Latinos are one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States, with their numbers having risen 243 percent since 1980. Yet the number of Latino physicians per 100,000 Latinos has declined by 22 percent during that period, according to new research. In 1980, there were 135 Latino physicians for every 100,000 Latinos in the U.S.; by 2010, that figure had dropped to just 105 per 100,000 Update: Improvement????

  13. Hispanic Physician Shortage Shortage of Latino Physicians Hispanic doctor shortage

  14. In 2013, out of the total U.S. MD active physicians, 4.1% were Black or African American, 4.4% were Hispanic or Latino, 11.7% were Asian.The percentage of black or African-American women physicians (54.7%) was greater than that of men (45.3%) of the same racial and ethnic group. However, men comprised a greater percentage of physicians than women across Asian (56.4%), American Indian or Alaska Native (58.1%), Hispanic or Latino (59.0%), and white (65.2%) racial and ethnic groups. UPDaTED STATISTICS: Better?

  15. Price • With student loans, a potential Latino physician from a middle class family could deal with as much as $300,000 in debt after completing both an undergraduate program and medical school, • Obligation • Young Latinos are often encouraged by their parents to begin working after graduating high school to help financially support their families • Exposure (Really? Exposures?) • it is the responsibility of individual educational institutions to ensure that there is diversity among the students that enter the healthcare professions. • SUNY also runs a program in which medical school students visit local high schools students to encourage students to get interested in the healthcare professions before starting“ We need to expose students to these healthcare careers,” Galal told Latino Leaders. • http://aldianews.com/articles/leadership/3-reasons-declining-number-latino-physicians/50428 3 reasons for the declining number of Latino physicians (update)

  16. The 2015 medical school graduates comprise 5.7% Black or African Americans and 4.6% Hispanic or Latinos. Improvement?

  17. More Female Graduates, But Faculty?

  18. White (58.8%), Asian (19.8%), and Multiple Race and Ethnicity (7.1%) individuals represent the largest proportion of medical school graduates. Blacks or African Americans and Hispanics or Latinos represent 5.7% and 4.6% of graduates, respectively. 2015

  19. Among the U.S. medical schools that graduated 350 or more black or African-American physicians between 1980 and 2012, Howard University and Meharry Medical College had the highest graduations rates, with 2,451 and 2,005 graduates, respectively. Rutgers NJ 550+ Rutgers, RWJ 350+ Temple: 550+ Statistics

  20. Between 1980 and 2012, the three U.S. medical schools graduating more than 1,500 Hispanic or Latino physicians were located in Puerto Rico (The University of Puerto Rico, Universidad Central del Caribe, and Ponce). Rutgers In NJ graduated 400+ Statistics

  21. Four U.S. medical schools graduated more than 1,500 Asian physicians between 1980 and 2012: University of Illinois, Northwestern, UCLA, and New York Medical College, with 1,878, 1,626, 1,545, and 1,501 graduates, respectively STATISTICS

  22. Why brimm? • Diversity in the physician workforce is essential for high-quality medical education and access to healthcare for the underserved • Reede JY A recurring theme: the need for minority physicians: Health Aff 2003;22:91-93

  23. Why do you think there is a shortage of African American and Hispanic physicians? • COMMENTS ?

  24. Why aren’t there more african-american physicians? • “A Qualitative Study and Exploratory Inquiry of African-American Students’ Perspectives on Careers in Medicine” • Vijaya Rao and Glenn Flores M.D • Journal of National Medical Association, September 2007 • Financial challenges • Perception that loans and scholarships to be of little help • Obtaining the grades necessary to receive scholarships is difficult • Physicians end up in debt and spend their career paying off their loans

  25. Why aren’t there more african-american physicians? • Time commitment • Path to becoming a physician is too long • Career as a physician defined by long hours and busy schedule • Stress/Difficulty • Stress caused by fear of patient mortality • Stress caused by difficulty of premedical coursework and medical school requirements

  26. Why aren’t there more african-american physicians? • Limited opportunities and exposure to medicine • Very few students knew any African-American physicians personally • Lack of emphasis on college admissions, grades and advanced coursework in their high school NOT AT BRIMM

  27. Why aren’t there more african-american physicians? • Lack of Family Support • Student’s reported that in their family there were lower or no expectations of becoming a physician • Limited long term professional planning and discussion of the future • Lack of Peer Support • Pursuing academic excellence puts them at risk of being socially isolated • Easy money is more popular (drug dealing, professional basketball, rapper)

  28. You are your brothers and sisters keepers “we are family”

  29. Why aren’t there more african-American physicians? • Perceptions of physicians • Physicians are typically white and male • Lack of knowledge about medicine • Misconceptions from television shows • Doctors illegally distribute medications • Doctors facilitate euthanasia • Male doctors often sexually harass female patients

  30. WHY aren’t there more african-American Physicians? • Lack of interest • Greater interest in other professions • Law • Psychology • Negative normative cultural values • Lack of hope and goals • Cycle of economic depression • High rate of teenage pregnancies

  31. Why aren’t there more african-American physicians? • Perceived racism in medical field and healthcare institutions • Fear of racist remarks by white physicians and white patients • Face rejection from African-American peers as well as their white counterparts.

  32. Having an African-American physician leads to an enhanced patient-physician relationship Exposure to more African-American role models may help encourage more students to pursue careers in medicine Student’s views

  33. Increased guidance in schools regarding college and medical school could clarify and attract more students to medical careers Student’s views

  34. Author’s conclusion

  35. Research documents that increasing the proportion of African-American physicians can enhance patient-physician communication and increase access to health care. Author’s conclusions

  36. African-American physician shortage due to • Financial constraints • Insufficient exposure to medicine in schools (Why Brimm?) • Lack of encouragement at home • Lack of role models in the community • Negative social pressures Author’s conclusions

  37. Greater Exposure to Medicine as a career in middle schools and high school through increased mentoring and academic and extracurricular enrichment programs might encourage more African-Americans to pursue careers in medicine Black Men in White Coats Why are Black Men Not Applying to Medical School (36 minutes) The data

  38. Why BrIMM? Coriell Cooper Hospital Nutrition Athletic Training

  39. Disparities in health care • Lets look at the statistics? Why the need?

  40. Recent research suggests that the overall health of Americans has improved; however, disparities continue to persist among many populations within the United States.1 For example, racial and ethnic minority populations have poorer access to care and worse outcomes than their white counterparts. 2013 AAMC

  41. Population by Race & Hispanic Origin: United States, 2000 & Projected 2050 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, May 2001

  42. Age-Adjusted Death Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race and Hispanic Origin for All Causes: U.S., 2005

  43. Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race/Ethnicity for 3 Health Focus Areas: U.S., 2005

  44. Age-Adjusted Death Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race and Hispanic Origin for Diabetes: U.S., 2005

  45. Age-Adjusted Death Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race, and Hispanic Origin for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease: U.S., 2005

  46. Age-Adjusted Death Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race and Hispanic Origin for Heart Disease: U.S., 2005

  47. Age-Adjusted Death Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race and Hispanic Origin for Cancer: U.S., 2005

  48. Age-Adjusted Death Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race and Hispanic Originfor Breast Cancer: U.S., 2005

  49. Age-Adjusted Death Rates per 100,000 Persons by Race and Hispanic Origin for Suicide: U.S., 2005

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