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Bioinformatics

*Sequencing of large portions of the genomes of several species have been sequenced in full (*bacterial genomes, *simple eukaryotes (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or baker's yeast) *The Human Genome Project, designed to sequence all 24 of the human chromosomes. On 26 June 2000, the completion of the draft sequence of the Human Genome saw the sciences of biology and medicine change forever. .

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Bioinformatics

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    1. Bioinformatics Information science has been applied to biology to produce the field called Bioinformatics. ?1. creation and maintenance of databases of biological information (Nucleic acid sequences) 2. researchers can both access existing information and submit new entries is only the beginning. 3. analysis of sequence information.

    3. Definition of Bioinformatics bioinformatics describes any use of computers to handle biological information. a synonym for "computational molecular biology"---the use of computers to characterize the molecular components of living things. use computers to store, retrieve, analyze or predict the composition or the structure of biomolecules.

    4. "Biomolecules" include your genetic material---nucleic acids---and the products of your genes: proteins. These are the concerns of "classical" bioinformatics, dealing primarily with sequence analysis. Definition of Bioinformatics

    5. "The mathematical, statistical and computing methods that aim to solve biological problems using DNA and amino acid sequences and related information." (Defined by Fredj Tekaia at the Institut Pasteur offers this definition of bioinformatics) Definition of Bioinformatics

    6. "I do not think all biological computing is bioinformatics, e.g. mathematical modelling is not bioinformatics, even when connected with biology-related problems. In my opinion, bioinformatics has to do with management and the subsequent use of biological information, particular genetic information." (interesting opinion by Richard Durbin, Head of Informatics at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) Definition of Bioinformatics

    7. "Biomedical Informatics is an emerging discipline that has been defined as the study, invention, and implementation of structures and algorithms to improve communication, understanding and management of medical information."

    8. most common bioinformatics technology the technology of databases These databases include both "public" repositories of gene data like GenBank or the Protein DataBank (the PDB), and private databases, like those used by research groups involved in gene mapping projects or those held by biotech companies.

    9. Databases of existing sequencing data can be used to identify homologues of new molecules that have been amplified and sequenced in the lab. The property of sharing a common ancestor, homology, can be a very powerful indicator in bioinformatics

    10. Bioinformatics is used in primer design. Primers are short sequences needed to make many copies of (amplify) a piece of DNA as used in PCR

    11. Use Entrez-PubMed Make sure you are clear about your aim first. If you are looking for a sequence for a specific scientific purpose then you might be best to start with a relevant human-generated publication. For example, you have cloned a gene which is part of a well-characterised biochemical pathway and you want to find other sequences of the same functional gene product in other species (orthologues) Entrez PubMed is your friend.

    12. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????/???????? *DNA sequence (?????????????????) ?????????????? & ????????? ???? mRNA, exon, intron *Amino acid sequence (??????????????) ? ?????????????????????????????????????????? eg. ?????????????????????????????????? microarray *Enzyme & metabolic pathway? ????????????????????????????? metabolic pathway ???????????????????

    13. ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????? genomics, proteomics, metabolomics ????????: *?????? primer ???????????????????? *?????????????????????????????????????????

    14. Computer science Biological data

    16. *Popular sequence databases: GenBank, MBL *sequence search programs ? BLAST *sequence analysis programs, ? EMBOSS and Staden packages, *structure prediction programs ? THREADER or PHD *or molecular imaging/modelling programs ? RasMol and WHATIF.

    17. GenBank => www.ncbl.nlm.nih.gov EMBL=> www.ebi.ac.uk DDBJ => www.ddb.nig.ac.jp ?????????????????? retrieve ??????? ATLAS http://vms.mips.biochem.mpg.de/mips/programs/atlas.html SRS http://www.bic.nus.edu.sg/srs5

    18. ??????????? bioinformatics ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? “??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????” ????????????????????????? BCR-abl & p53 (???????????????)

    19. ???????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????? (human genome project: ????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????/???????????????) ????????????????????????/?????? ??????????????????????????????… STI-571 ??????????????????? protein kinase ???????????????????????? translocation ????? BCR-Abl ????? CML ????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? bioinformatics

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