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From Hierarchies to Polyarchies: Visualizing Multiple Relationships

From Hierarchies to Polyarchies: Visualizing Multiple Relationships. George G. Robertson Microsoft Research. What is the problem?. Hierarchies are very common 20 years of hierarchy visualization R&D Significant problems remain New problems appearing (Multiple Hierarchies).

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From Hierarchies to Polyarchies: Visualizing Multiple Relationships

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  1. From Hierarchies to Polyarchies:Visualizing Multiple Relationships George G. Robertson Microsoft Research

  2. What is the problem? • Hierarchies are very common • 20 years of hierarchy visualization R&D • Significant problems remain • New problems appearing (Multiple Hierarchies)

  3. Current Approaches • Many 2D and 3D hierarchy visualizations • Each works for some tasks and some scales • Very few have had user testing • Windows Tree Control • Many observed problems

  4. What’s wrong with this picture?

  5. Problems: Fitting Data • Extreme aspect ratio (broad and shallow) • May be multiple hierarchies • Scaling issues

  6. Problems: Cognitive Overhead • Loss of context • Or loss of detail • Separate detail/overview  extra overhead • Multiple focus is difficult • Which item is open?

  7. Basic View Strategies • Two view (separate detail/overview views) • Distorted view • Distorted data: fisheye • Distorted space: 3D, hyperbolic • Focus in Context (integrated view)

  8. Basic Visualization Approaches • Clustering • Galaxy of News • ThemeScape • Hot Sauce • Geographic • Floor plans • Street maps • Node-link diagrams • 2D diagrams • SemNet • Cone Tree • Fisheye Cone Tree • Hyperbolic viewer • FSN • XML3D • Indentation • Tree control • Fisheye • Containment • Treemaps • Pad++

  9. Smalltalk File Browser - 1979 • Xerox PARC 1979

  10. Fisheye Views – 1986 • Furnas, Bell Labs report 1981, CHI’86

  11. SemNet - 1986 • Fairchild, Poltrock, & Furnas, MCC • Semantic network 3D visualization

  12. Cone Tree - 1991 • Robertson, Mackinlay & Card, Xerox PARC, CHI’91 • Limits: • 10 levels • 1000 nodes • Up to 10,000

  13. Cone Tree – 10,000 nodes • Performance problems and Visual clutter

  14. Fisheye Cone Tree • Adding Fisheye solves problems

  15. TreeMap - 1991 • Johnson & Shneiderman, U. Maryland, Vis’91 • Space filling • ~3000 objects • MicroLogic’s DiskMapper

  16. FSN - 1992 • Tesler, SGI, 1992 • 2D layout on 3D surface • Loss of context when examining detail • Hyper-G (Graz; Andrews; InfoVis’95)

  17. Graphical Fisheye - 1992 • Sarkar & Brown, DEC SRC, CHI’92

  18. Rubber Sheet - 1993 • Sarkar & Snibbe, Brown, UIST’93

  19. Spiral Visualization - 1994 • Mackinlay, Robertson, & DeLine, Xerox PARC, UIST’94 • Large DAGs • Only shows current path

  20. Hyperbolic Browser - 1994 • Lamping & Rao, Xerox PARC, UIST’94 • Projected onto circle • 1000’s of nodes

  21. Continuous Zoom - 1995 • Bartram et al, Simon Fraser, UIST’95)

  22. Fsviz - 1995 • Carriere and Kazman, Waterloo, InfoVis’95 • Up to 5000 nodes with no occlusion

  23. Butterfly - 1995 • Mackinlay, Xerox PARC, CHI’95

  24. Aaaamon.dll Edb500.dll Label.exe Oakley.dll Tapi.dll Wavemsp.dll Ksproxy.ax Ksqmf.ax Ksuser.dll Ksvpintf.ax Label.exe Lanman.drv Legacy.inf Linkinfo.dill Lmrt.dll Aaaamon.dll Edb500.dll Label.exe Oakley.dll Tapi.dll Wavemsp.dll Aaaamon.dll Edb500.dll Label.exe Oakley.dll Tapi.dll Wavemsp.dll Aaaamon.dll Edb500.dll Label.exe Oakley.dll Tapi.dll Wavemsp.dll Ksproxy.ax Ksuser.dll Label.exe Legacy.inf Lmrt.dll Ksproxy.ax Label.exe Lmrt.dll Index View - 1995 • T. Masui, Sharp, UIST95 • Vertical picks focus • Horizontal controls zoom

  25. H3 - 1997 • Munzner, Stanford Univ., InfoVis’97 • Projected onto sphere • 20,000 nodes

  26. Reconfigurable Disk Tree - 1998 • Jeong and Pang, UC Santa Cruz, InfoVis’98 • Number of identifiable nodes:3000 – 4000

  27. Disk Tree - 1998 • Chi et al, Xerox PARC, CHI’98 • Compact 2D representation

  28. Sunburst - 2000 • Stasko & Zhang, Georgia Tech, InfoVis 2000 • Radial space-filling • Techniques for viewing more detail

  29. Visualization Taxonomy - 1994 • Noik (Graphics Interface’94) • Implicit (use of perspective) • Continuous focus and context • Filtered (removing items of low interest) • Discrete focus and context • Distorted (size, shape, position of elements) • Adorned (color, texture)

  30. Unresolved Problems • Multiple focus

  31. Folding Paper - proposal

  32. Multiple Focus in 3D - proposal

  33. InfoBowl - proposal

  34. Unresolved Problems • Multiple focus • Multiple hierarchies

  35. Multiple Hierarchies • One hierarchy changing over time • Time Tube • Taxonomy visualization • MultiTrees (shared subtrees) • XML3D • Polyarchy (multiple intersecting hierarchies)

  36. Time Tube - 1998 • Chi et al., Xerox PARC, CHI’98

  37. Taxonomy Visualization - 2000 • Graham et al., Napier Univ. IJHCS 2000

  38. MultiTrees - 1994 • Furnas & Zacks, Bell Core, CHI’94 • DAG’s with shared subtrees

  39. XML3D - 2000 • Munzner, Stanford, IJHCS 2000

  40. Polyarchy Visualization Problem: People and Resources Example • Multiple Hierarchies Exist • Direct reporting • Cost or Profit Center • Location • Implicit relationships But only one hierarchy is shown

  41. Show Other Hierarchies Find: Daniel Robbins • Naming hierarchy is default • Allow maintainer to define hierarchies • Show search results in current view • Morph between views

  42. Visualization Opportunities • Perceptual cues to provide pattern information • User can search or browse • Show hierarchies an object participates in • Show relationships between hierarchies • Showrelationships between objects

  43. One Selection, One Hierarchy

  44. Visual Pivot – Other Hierarchies

  45. Relationships Between People

  46. Relationships Between Multiple People

  47. Unresolved Problems • Multiple focus • Multiple hierarchies • Evaluate hierarchy visualizations

  48. Polyarchy VisualizationUser Studies • Study 1: Mockup of visual pivot • Issues list guided development of prototype • Study 2: Prototype: 2D vs 3D • Visual Pivot animation was misleading • Animation Speeds were too slow

  49. Polyarchy VisualizationUser Studies • Study 3: Animation Styles and Speeds • Six animation styles: Picked two best • Twice as fast as study 2: Still too slow • Study 4: Prototype: 2D vs 3D • Identified most effective animation style • Identified best speed range

  50. Two Styles of Visual Pivot • Sliding • Rotating

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