1 / 30

VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATION TO PES

VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATION TO PES. Sumber : Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems Geneva, 10-11 October 2005.

salene
Download Presentation

VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATION TO PES

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES:ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATION TO PES • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  2. Ecosystems products and services Products Food Fuel wood Non-timber forest products Fisheries products Marine products Wetlands products Medicinal and biomedical products Forage and agricultural products Water Reeds Building material Functions/Services Hydrological services • Purification of water • Capture, storage and release of surface and groundwater • Mitigation of floods and droughts Biodiversity • Maintenance of biodiversity (plants and animals) Climate • Partial stabilization of climate through carbon sequestration • Moderation of temperature extremes and the force of winds and waves Source: Adapted from Simpson (2001) • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  3. Direct valuesOutputs that can be consumed or processed directly, such as timber, fodder, fuel, non-timber forest products, meat, medicines, wild foods, etc. Indirect valuesEcological services, such as flood control, regulation of water flows and supplies, nutrient retention, climate regulation, etc. USE VALUES Option valuesPremium placed on maintaining resources and landscapes for future possible direct and indirect uses, some of which may not be known now. Existence values Intrinsic value of resources and landscapes, irrespective of its use such as cultural, aesthetic, bequest significance, etc. NON-USE VALUES • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  4. Why value? • Understand how much an ecosystemcontributes to economicactivity or society. For example, on averageforestsbenefits in the Med regionamount to about 1% of GDP. Indirect use value such as watershed protection contributes about 35% of total estimated value. • Understandwhat are the benefits and costs of an intervention thatalters the ecosystem (conservation investment, developmentproject, regulation or incentive) and makeecosystemgods and services comparable withotherinvestments • How are costs and benefits of a change in ecosystemdistributed? • How to make conservation financiallysustainable? • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  5. RevealedPreference Methods Cost-Based Methods Stated Preference Methods Market Price Method Productivity Approach Surrogate Market Approaches MarketPrices Effect on Production Travel Costs Replacement Costs Contingent Valuation Cost of providing substitute services Conjoint Analysis HedonicPricing Choice Experiments Damage cost avoided • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  6. Direct values Market Prices Goods and products Productivity &cost-based approaches Indirect values Effect on Production Replacement Costs Ecosystem services Cost of Providing Substitutes Cost of Avoided Damage Option values Surrogate market & stated preference approaches Existence values Travel Costs Direct values Contingent Valuation Nature tourism

  7. RevealedPreferenceMethods Cost-Based Methods Stated Preference Methods Market Prices Production Function Approaches Surrogate Market Approaches MarketPrices Effect on Production Travel Costs Replacement Costs Contingent Valuation Cost pf providing substitute Services Conjoint Analysis HedonicPricing Choice Experiments Damage Cost Avoided • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  8. MARKET PRICES E.g.Nam Et & Phou Loei NBCA, Lao PDR: Value of NTFP use for Viengthong District villages Cash income $634,000 Plant foods $45,000 Wild meats $476,000 Fuel and housing $480,000 Crop consumption $241,000 TOTAL VALUE $1,876,000 What it costs to buy or sell a good or product People’s actual willingness to pay • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  9. Advantages and Limitations of the Market Price Method • Use if primaryresource or ecosystemaffected has a commercial market (for ex. benefits of cleanup and closure of commercial fishing on fisheries). Prices, quantities and cost are easy to obtain. • The method uses observed data of actualpreferences • The method uses standard, acceptedeconomic techniques (consumer and producer surplus based on supply and demandcurves) and isrelativelyeasy to apply • Seasonal variations and othereffects on price have to beconsidered • Usually the costs of transport to bringgoods to the markets not included and benefitsmaybeoverstated • Manyecosystemgoods and services do not have markets or markets are distorted or not welldeveloped and marketprices do not alwaysfullyreflect the value of ecosystem services to society (WTP) • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  10. METODE PRODUKTIVITAS Flood attenuation benefits from forests, Madagascar Value of flood damage to paddy production NPV for forest watershed protection benefits: $126,700. Resulted in the establishment of Mantadia NP The economic contribution of ecosystems to other production and consumption activities Market value as an input • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  11. KEUNGGULAN & KELEMAHAN METODE PRODUKTIVITAS • Methodologystraightforward, data requirements are limited and relevant data maybereadilyavailablehencemethiodrelativelyinexpensive to apply • Onlyresources and services that are marketedcanbevalued • Most difficult aspect is to be able to quantify the biophysicalrelationshipthatlink changes in supply or quality of ecosystem services withenvironmental changes or management options. Often use simplifiedassumptions. • If changes in ecosystem affects marketprice, then the methodis more complicated and difficult to apply • If changes are toodrastic, users of ecosystemgoods and services mayswitch to other alternatives. • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  12. TRAVEL COSTS USA, Value impacts of improved environmental quality on freshwater recreation in the US Combined benefit of all freshwater-based recreation: $37 billion/year How much people spend to use or benefit from using ecosystems for recreational purposes People’s impliedwillingness to pay • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  13. Advantages and Limitations of the Travel Cost Method • Limited to recreational values • Requirescomplexstatisticalanalysis, large and complex data sets, henceexpensive and time consuming • Likely to estimate value of one factor becausedifficult to separate out effect of differentfactors (lansdcape beauty and water) • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  14. REPLACEMENT COSTS E.g.Ream National Park, Cambodia: Value of mangrove ecological services (flood barriers, upstream erosion control) Storm protection $60,000 Silt trapping $220,000 TOTAL VALUE $280,000 The costs of replacing an environmental good or service A minimum estimate of money saved • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  15. BIAYA MITIGASI KERUSAKAN EKOSISTEM E.g.ThuaThien Hue, Vietnam: Value of watershed catchment protection for urban and rural water supplies (Infrastructure to mitigate erosion, seasonal low water supplies and flooding) Investment costs $27 million Recurrent costs $1.8 million ANNUAL COST $2.88 million The costs of mitigating or averting the effects of the loss of an environmental good or service A minimum estimate of money saved • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  16. DAMAGE COSTS AVOIDED The costs avoided from the destruction of ecosystem A minimum estimate of money saved E.g. Value of Phnom Bokor NP for watershed protection and hydropower generation Failure to invest in watershed management as a component of dam maintenance could incur NPC of over $2million in terms of power revenues foregone • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  17. Keunggulan Cost-Based Methods • Particularly useful for valuing ecosystem services • Simple to apply and analyse (rely on 2dary data on benefits from ecosystem services and cost of alternative). Easier to measure costs of producing benefits than the benefits themselves when goods and services are not marketed. • Particularly useful if time and financial resources for the study are elimited or where it is not possible to carry out detailed surveys • Approaches are less data and resource intensive whereas data or budget limitations may rule out valuation methods that estimate WTP • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  18. KETERBATASAN Cost-Based Methods • Provide only rough indicator of ecosystem value • Replacement cost: often difficult to find perfect replacements for ecosystems goods and services, hence valuation results tend to undervalue ecosystem value • Mitigation expenditures: often people’s perception of the effect of ecosystem loss and what would be required to mitigate these effects do not always match those of experts. • Damage cost method: estimated damages avoided remain hypothetical in most cases. Often difficult to relate damages to changes in ecosystems • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  19. CONTINGENT VALUATION (CV) E.g.DoiInthanon and SuthepPui National Parks, Thailand: Willingness to pay for park entry fees Doi Inthanon 40 Baht per person Suthep Pui 20 Baht per person TOTAL VALUE $1.2 million/year Sejumlahorangakanmembayar/menerima (secarateoritis) bahwabiodiversitasdapatdibeliataudijual People’s stated willingness to pay • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  20. Keunggulan Metode CV • Very flexible. Can be used to estimate economic value of about anything but best to use it to estimate value of goods and services easily identified and understood by users • CV is the most widely accepted method for estimating TEV including non use, option and bequest values (only method to estimate option or existence values) • CV has been widely used and a great deal of research is being conducted to improve the methodology, make results more valid and reliable and understand strengths and limitations • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  21. Keterbatasan Metode CV • Whether CV really measures WTP still controversial (most people unfamiliar making choices about ecosystem services) • Results highly sensitive to design of choice scenarios and how survey conducted (psychological aspects) • WTP sensitive to payment vehicle (WTA compensation) • Strategic bias to influence outcome • Non response bias • Many people including jurists, policy makers, economists and others do not believe the results of CV analysis • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  22. METODE YANG KURANG POPULER HedonicPricing Conjoint Analysis Choice Experiments Difference in (property or wage) prices that can be ascribed to the existence or level of nearby environmental goods and services. Obtains information on preferences between various alternatives of environmentalgoods and services, at different price or cost. Present a series of alternative resource or use options, each of which are defined by various attributes including price. • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  23. APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC VALUATION TO PES DESIGN

  24. Watershed services: supply and demand Supply of services: Upstream land uses affect the Quantity, Quality, and Timing of water flows Source: World Bank 2003 Jasalingkungan Hidrologi DAS • Demandforservices: • Possible downstream beneficiaries: • Domestic water use • Irrigated agriculture • Hydroelectric power • Fisheries • Recreation • Downstream ecosystems • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  25. Applying ecosystem valuation to payment for ecosystem service: simple in theory Conservation with payment for service Payment Conservation without payment Conventional resource use: no conservation Minimumpaymentwillingtoreceivetochangedamagingbehaviourtoecosystem Benefits to producers Costs to offsite populations Maximum payment willing to pay to reduce environmental damage Source: Adapted from World Bank 2002 • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  26. Dalam Praktek … tidak sederhana… • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  27. In practice not so simple…Komplek Keterkaitan Biofisik (Brand 2003) • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  28. In practice still not so simple…valuing effects of change in ecosystem conditions on agricultural production • Sumber: Danièle Perrot-Maître. 2005. • Seminar on environmental services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystems • Geneva, 10-11 October 2005

  29. Further reading • USAID PES Sourcebookhttp://www.oired.vt.edu/sanremcrsp/menu_research/PES.Sourcebook.Contents.php • World Bank - Introduction to PES http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEEI/Resources/IntroToPES.pdf?&resourceurlname=IntroToPES.pdf • CIFOR – PEShttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/pes/_ref/home/index.htm • Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Networks/RUPES/index.asp • The Katoomba Group (Regional Network for China and East-Asia)http://www.katoombagroup.org/ • Ecosystem Marketplacehttp://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/ SUMBER: ftp://ftp.cgiar.org/cifor/USAID/Topic%205-2.ppt‎

  30. SELAMAT DATANG

More Related