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Anthropometry

Anthropometry. Chapter 5. Anthropometry. The measurement of the size and shape of the body. height, weight, length, breadth, circumference, diameter, and skinfold thickness. Anthropometry. Advantages: Instruments are portable Relatively inexpensive Disadvantages:

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Anthropometry

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  1. Anthropometry Chapter 5

  2. Anthropometry • The measurement of the size and shape of the body. • height, • weight, • length, • breadth, • circumference, • diameter, • and skinfold thickness.

  3. Anthropometry • Advantages: • Instruments are portable • Relatively inexpensive • Disadvantages: • Less accurate

  4. Anthropometry • Procedures are noninvasive, and training can be provided “on the job” without prerequisite courses.

  5. Anthropometry • Methods are applicable to large samples • Can provide national estimates • Provides data for the analysis of secular changes.

  6. Anthropometry Assumption: • the tissues included in the measurement are in a “standard” state, • for example, that muscles are relaxed and that soft tissues are normally hydrated.

  7. Anthropometry • If these conditions are not met, the interpretation may be invalid.

  8. Height and Weight Measures

  9. Height and Weight • Initial attempts to gauge the relationship between body type and health relied on measures of height and weight. • Driven by the life insurance industry.

  10. Body Mass Index

  11. Body Mass Index • BMI is determined by measuring your weight in kilograms and dividing it by your height in meters2 • This allows for comparisons of “stoutness”, not body composition.

  12. BMI • Used to classify individuals at risk for obesity-related diseases, and to monitor changes in body fatness of clinical populations.

  13. BMI • BMI is a significant predictor of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.

  14. BMI • BMI is widely used in population-based and prospective studies to identify at-risk individuals.

  15. BMI • However, BMI is limited as an index of obesity (i.e., body fatness) because it does not take into account the composition of an individual’s body weight.

  16. BMI • In addition, factors such as age, ethnicity, body build, and frame size affect the relationship between BMI and %BF.

  17. BMI • Using BMI as an index of obesity may result in misclassifications of underweight, overweight, and obesity. • It is also not a preferred method of assessing fat distribution.

  18. BMI (kg/m2) Obesity Class Underweight <18.5 Normal Wt 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25-29.9 Obesity 30-34.9 I 35-39.9 II > 40 III Overweight and Obesity (BMI) WHO 1998

  19. Lengths and Breadths

  20. Anthropometry • Lengths and breadths are interpreted as skeletal dimensions because they are made between bony landmarks. • Table 5.2, p 71 contains information on commonly measured sites.

  21. Lengths and Breadths • The effects of soft tissues on recorded lengths and breadths can be reduced and made less variable by the use of recommended calipers and the application of firm pressure.

  22. Circumferences

  23. Circumferences • Limb and trunk circumferences are measured with a tape measure while minimal tension is applied so that the soft tissues will not be compressed; therefore enlargement of muscle and SAT due to edema increases the recorded measurements.

  24. Circumferences • Figure 5.1, p. 72 shows the locations of common circumference measures. • Table 5.1, on pp. 69-70 describes how these measures should be taken.

  25. Circumferences • Circumferences of the limbs are difficult to interpret because they include skin, SAT, muscle, bone, blood vessels, nerves, and small amounts of deep adipose tissue (DAT).

  26. Circumferences • It is even harder to interpret trunk circumferences, which include organs in addition to various tissues.

  27. Circumferences • Interpretation of buttocks (hip) circumference is uncertain because it includes large amounts of adipose tissue and muscle and it is affected by pelvic size and shape.

  28. Circumferences • Even standing for 1-2 hrs., or prolonged sitting, causes an accumulation of extracellular fluid in the lower limbs leading to increases in ankle and calf circumferences.

  29. Circumferences • Abdominal circumferences are correlated with body density (r = -0.7), and the correlation of limb circumferences with body density are about -0.4.

  30. Circumferences • The correlation of abdominal and limb circumferences with FFM are about 0.6 in each gender.

  31. Waist to Hip Ratio

  32. Waist to Hip Ratio • The WHR is commonly used as an indirect measure of lower and upper body fat distribution. • Figure 5.4, p. 74 (pdf file) illustrates how these measures are made.

  33. WHR • Upper body or central adiposity, measured by the WHR, is moderately related (r = 0.48 to 0.61) to risk factors associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in men and women.

  34. WHR • Young adults with WHR values in excess of 0.94 for men and 0.82 for women are at high risk for adverse health consequences.

  35. WHR • Limitations: • In women, it is affected by menopausal status. • Not valid for evaluating fat distribution in prepubertal children. • The accuracy of assessing VAT decreases with increasing levels of fitness.

  36. WHR Limitations • And finally: • Hip circumference is influenced by subcutaneous fat deposition only, whereas waist circumference is affected by both VAT and SAT. • Thus, the WHR may not accurately detect changes in VAT.

  37. WHR • Table 5.4, p. 78 (pdf file) contains norms for waist-to-hip circumference ratios for men and women.

  38. Waist Circumference

  39. Waist Circumference • WC is gaining support as an alternative to WHR for assessing regional adiposity in field and clinical settings.

  40. WC • Compared to the WHR, WC provides a more accurate indirect measure of visceral fat and is not greatly influenced by age, gender, standing height, and degree of overall adiposity.

  41. WC • WC is highly related (r = 0.76 to 0.88) to MRI and CT measures of intra-abdominal (visceral) fat in men and women, and to cardiovascular risk factors in older (67-78 yrs) women.

  42. WC • The National Cholesterol Education Program (2001) recommends using WC cutoff values of > 102 cm (40 in) for men and > 88 cm (34.6 in) for women to evaluate obesity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and metabolic disease.

  43. Anthropometry • Anthropometry, when used in relation to body composition, is based on the assumption that the tissue composition is independent of tissue size.

  44. Anthropometry • This assumption may be violated. • For example, the fat content of adipose tissue is positively related to SAT thicknesses within age groups and the fat content becomes larger as SAT thicknesses increase during growth.

  45. Anthropometry • The choice of anthropometric measures, and the procedures used, differ for some groups.

  46. Anthropometry • For example, the precise measurement of infants and preschool children requires that they be content; one cannot obtain precise measurements of hungry or thirsty children.

  47. Anthropometry • Precise refers to repeatability judged from inter- or intraobserver differences, and the term validity refers to comparisons between observed measures and the true values.

  48. Anthropometry • Disabled and elderly subjects who cannot stand erect must be measured recumbent to obtain precise and valid data.

  49. Anthropometry • The utility and interpretation of anthropometric variables are related to their short-term variations.

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