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Classification and Prokaryotes (adapted from K. Foglia)

Classification and Prokaryotes (adapted from K. Foglia). Eukaryote. Prokaryote. Archaebacteria & Bacteria. Classification. Old 5 Kingdom system Monera , Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence

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Classification and Prokaryotes (adapted from K. Foglia)

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  1. Classification and Prokaryotes (adapted from K. Foglia)

  2. Eukaryote Prokaryote Archaebacteria&Bacteria Classification • Old 5 Kingdom system • Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals • New 3 Domain system • reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence • Prokaryote: Bacteria • Prokaryote: Archaebacteria • Eukaryotes • Protists • Plants • Fungi • Animals

  3. KingdomBacteria KingdomArchaebacteria KingdomProtist KingdomFungi KingdomPlant KingdomAnimal

  4. Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria

  5. Bacteria live EVERYWHERE! • Bacteria live in all ecosystems • on plants & animals • in plants & animals • in the soil • in depths of the oceans • in extreme cold • in extreme hot • in extreme salt • on the living • on the dead Microbes alwaysfind a way tomake a living!

  6. Bacteria Structure: 1. Ribosomes 2. Cell wall and cell membrane containing pilli 3. DNA 4. Flagella

  7. eukaryote cell prokaryotecell Prokaryote Structure • Unicellular • bacilli, cocci, spirilli • Size • 1/10 size of eukaryote cell • 1 micron (1um) • Internal structure • no internal compartments • no membrane-bound organelles • only ribosomes • circular chromosome, naked DNA • not wrapped around proteins

  8. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome Prokaryote Eukaryote double helix

  9. mitochondria chloroplast Variations in Cell Interior cyanobacterium(photosythetic) bacterium aerobic bacterium internal membranesfor respirationlike a mitochondrion(cristae) internal membranesfor photosynthesislike a chloroplast(thylakoids)

  10. Bacteria are classified by: • A. Their Cell Shape • The Chemistry of their • cell wall • C. Their metabolism

  11. Cell Shapes Cocci- round Ex. Streptococcus

  12. Bacilli- rodlike Ex. E. coli

  13. Spirilla- spiral Ex. Syphilis

  14. Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My! Staphylo= clumps, Strepto= chain, Diplo=pair

  15. outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria peptide side chains outer membrane cell wall peptidoglycan cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane plasma membrane protein Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure That’simportant foryour doctorto know! peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides

  16. Prokaryotic metabolism • How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? • photoautotrophs • photosynthetic bacteria • chemoautotrophs • oxidize inorganic compounds • nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… • heterotrophs • live on plant & animal matter • decomposers & pathogens

  17. Genetic variation in bacteria • Mutations • bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes • binary fission • error rate in copying DNA • 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation • you have billions of E. coli in your gut! • lots of mutation potential! • Genetic recombination • bacteria swap genes • plasmids • small supplemental circles of DNA • conjugation • direct transfer of DNA conjugation

  18. Bacteria as pathogens • Disease-causing microbes • plant diseases • wilts, fruit rot, blights • animal diseases • tooth decay, ulcers • anthrax, botulism • plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease • STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia • typhoid, cholera • TB, pneumonia • lyme disease

  19. Diseases caused by bacteria Disease Pathogen Prevention Regular dental hygiene Protection from tick bites Current tetanus vaccination Vaccination Proper food-handling practices Maintaining good health Clean water supplies Tooth decay Lyme disease Tetanus Tuberculosis Salmonella food poisoning Pneumonia Cholera Streptococcus mutans Borrelia burgdorferi Clostridium tetani Mycobacterium tuberculosis Salmonella enteritidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Vibrio cholerae

  20. Antibiotics are used to to stop bacterial infections. These drugs damage the cell walls of bacteria so that they can’t grow and reproduce.

  21. Many strains of bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics due to Natural Selection. It is very important to finish all of an antibiotic prescription to kill all of the bacteria, not just the weak ones.

  22. Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) • Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria • decomposers • recycling of nutrients from dead to living • nitrogen fixation • only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere • needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids • plant root nodules • help in digestion (E. coli) • digest cellulose for herbivores • cellulase enzyme • produce vitamins K & B12 for humans • produce foods & medicines • from yogurt to insulin

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