1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

The following review is adapted from the k12 .pa.us website. BIO.A.1.1 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? • A) use of cellular respiration for energy release • B) ability to move in response to environmental stimuli • C) ability to store hereditary information • (D) use of organelles to control cell processes

Correct !! Explanation

C. ability to store hereditary information The answer is not A because cellular respiration requires a mitochondria.The answer is not B because not all cells of either type have flagella or cilia. The answer is C because all prokaryotes and eukayotes contain nucleic acids, which store hereditary info. The answer is not D because prokaryotes lack most organelles. next question

BIO.A.1.2 2. Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? • A) cell wall and nucleus • B) cell wall and chloroplast • C) plasma membrane and nucleus • D) plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Cytoplasm Eukaryotic cells • D. plasma membrane and cytoplasm.The answer is not A because not all eukaryotes have a cell wall (plants do, animals do not).The answer is not B because only plants of the eukaryotes have cell walls and chloroplasts – animals have neither.The answer is not C because prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cell next question

Answer Constructed Response: For the next three questions, write your answer to the following in complete sentences. Then compare your answers to the one given in the slide following the question. Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells. A. Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size.

Next Question Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size. ● Prokaryotic cells contain less genetic material and lack nuclei. nucleoid instead of nucleus nucleus Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Answer Constructed Response: Write your answer to the following in complete sentences. Then compare your answers to the one given in the slide following the question. B. Based on the structural difference, explain why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

B. Based on the structural difference, explain why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, they require less genetic material. This genetic material is packaged into a plasmid. Eukaryotic cells require more genetic material, which they store in multiple chromosomes. These chromosomes are stored in the nucleus. Next Question

Answer Constructed Response: Write your answer to the following in complete sentences. Then compare your answers to the one given in the slide following the question. C. Describe one similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that is independent of size.

Describe one similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that is independent of size. • ● Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both • contain cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell walls, and cell • membranes. None of these are a • function of size. Next Question cytoplasm ribosome cell wall cell membrane

3. Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly? • A) They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood. • B) They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange. • C) They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation. • D) They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled.

Next Question Answer - B ● A. Incorrect – energy transfer has nothing to do with the function of alveoli. B. Correct – the function of the lungs is in gas exchange, which occurs by diffusion. The more surface area between lungs and blood vessels, the greater the gas exchange. C. Incorrect – not the primary function of alveoli. D. Incorrect – true, but not the best answer

Bio.A.2.1 4. Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? • A) Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze. • B) Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms. • C) When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake. • D) When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.

Next Question • Answer - DA. Incorrect – this has nothing to do with the density. • B. Incorrect – water in a lake freezes from the top down. It would have to be more dense than liquid water to freeze at the bottomfirst.C. Incorrect – Water expands when it freezes, and this answer has nothing to do with density. • D. Correct – water on the top of the lake freezes first, due to the low density of frozen water. This allows the water underneath to remain liquid. This allows aquatic organisms to live through the winter..

BIO.A.2.2 5. Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules? • A) It forms short, simple carbon chains. • B) It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. • C) It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a single plane. • D) It forms large, complex, diverse molecules.

Nucleic Acid Structure Next Question Answer - B A. Incorrect – macromolecules are large, this gives no insight into the ability of carbon to form large molecules. B. Correct – the ability of carbon to bond with itself and other elements is what allows it to form macromolecules. C. Incorrect – this has nothing to do with macromolecule formation D. Incorrect – this is true, but doesn’t describe how it forms large molecules

BIO.A.2.2 Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates. • A) Large amount of stored information • B) Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions • C) Efficient storage of usable chemical energy • D) . Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic

Answer - B • A. Incorrect – this is a characteristic of nucleic acids. • B. Correct – carbohydrates are unable to catalyze reactions. • C. Incorrect – carbohydrates have efficient storage of chemical energy • D. Incorrect – this is a characteristic of lipids. next question

Answer - B • A. Incorrect – this is a characteristic of nucleic acids. • B. Correct – carbohydrates are unable to catalyze reactions. • C. Incorrect – carbohydrates have efficient storage of chemical energy • D. Incorrect – this is a characteristic of lipids. Use this Information for the next question

A researcher noticed that a similar CH2 molecular structure was also located in the plasma membrane of an animal cell. The CH2 molecular structure contained a negatively charged phosphate groups. Which statement BEST describes the primary function of the CH2 and phosphate molecular structure located in the plasma membrane? • A. It contains the genetic information needed for protein production. • B. It allows the energy that a cell needs to perform various life processes. • C. It allows a cell to regulate the movement of materials into and out of a cell. • D. It catalyzes specific chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Next Question • Answer - CA. Incorrect – The molecule described doesnot indicate DNA.B. Incorrect – the molecule described doesnot indication an ATP molecule.C. Correct – the molecule described is aphospholipid located in the plasmamembrane that helps regulate themovement of materials into and outof a cell.D. Incorrect - The molecule described doesnot indicate an enzyme.

Which type of organic molecule was MOST LIKELY formed by the scientist in the laboratory? A. Lipid B. Protein C. Carbohydrate D. Nucleic acid

Next Question Answer - A A. Correct – most lipids have long hydrocarbon chains as the main component of their structures. The molecule describes also contains a phosphate group, indicating a phospholipid. B. Incorrect – Proteins are made of amino acids C. Incorrect – Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides D. Incorrect – carbohydrate molecules are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a specific ratio.

Answer Constructed Response: For the next three questions, write your answer to the following in complete sentences. Then compare your answers to the one given in the slide following the question. Proteins are a major part of every living cell and have many functions within each cell. Carbohydrates also perform multiple roles in living things. A. Describe the general composition of a protein molecule.

Describe the general composition of a protein molecule. • ● Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements are combined to form over 20 different amino acids. These amino acids are then manipulated into four different levels of protein structure. • (a) represents the structural formula of the simplest • amino acid (glycine). • (b) represents the structural formula of a • generalized amino acid. R represents the side chain • which has numerous possible sequences. Next Question

Answer Constructed Response: Write your answer to the following in complete sentences. Then compare your answers to the one given in the slide following the question. B. Describe how the structures of proteins differ from the structures of carbohydrates.

Describe how the structures of proteins differ from the structures of carbohydrates. • ● Proteins contain nitrogen, while carbohydrates do not. The elements in carbohydrates are used to create ring-shaped monosaccharides, which are then strung together into di- and polysaccharides. There are only three different monosaccharides. Proteins contain over 20 monomer units, the amino acid. Their four-level structure also makes them more complex. • carbohydrate • protein Next Question

Answer Constructed Response: Write your answer to the following in complete sentences. Then compare your answers to the one given in the slide following the question. C. Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of carbohydrates.

C. Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of carbohydrates. ● Due to their complex structure, proteins have a huge variety of function. Examples include: immune response, catalysts, clotting, membrane structure, transport, etc. Carbohydrates have a more simplistic structure and are used primarily for energy and structure. Next Question

BIO A.2.3 Substance A is converted to substance B in ametabolic reaction. Which statement BEST describes the roles of an enzyme during this reaction?A. It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium.B. It provides energy to carry out the reaction.C. It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium.D. It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.

Answer – D A. Incorrect – pH is not relevant to converting the substance. B. Incorrect – enzymes do not actually provide energy for reactions. C. Incorrect – enzymes do not dissolve substances. D. Correct – enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction. Enzymes are not used up by this, and can be reused. Next Question

A scientist observes that, when the pH of theenvironment surrounding an enzyme ischanged, the rate the enzyme catalyzes areaction greatly decreases. Which statementBEST describes how a change in pH can affectan enzyme?A. A pH change can cause the enzyme tochange its shape.B. A pH change can remove energy necessaryto activate an enzyme.C. A pH change can add new molecules to thestructure of the enzyme.D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to reactwith a different substrate.

Answer - A A. Correct – enzymes are substrate-specific due to the shape of their active sites. Changes in pH, temperature causes the proteins that make-up the enzyme to denature. This changes their shape and prevents them from catalyzing reactions. B. Incorrect – enzymes do not actually provide energy for the reaction. C. Incorrect – pH change does not add molecules to the enzyme D. Incorrect – a denatured enzyme will not react with anything. next question

The diagram models how a poison bonds to the active site of an enzyme. Which function is the enzyme MOST LIKELY usable to perform because of the attachment of the poison molecule? • A. The release of stored chemical energy. • B. The donation of electrons to the substrate • C. The supply of activation energy for a reaction. • D. The catalysis of the reaction with the substrate. poison molecule enzyme

Answer - D A. Incorrect - Release of any chemical energy comes from the substrate and not from the enzyme. B. Incorrect - Enzymes do not donate electrons to the substrate. C. Incorrect – Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for the chemical reaction to occur. D. Correct – Most enzymes react with only one reactant, so when a poison blocks the active site, the enzyme can no longer bond with the substrate, causing the chemical reaction to stop. next question

Answer - D A. Incorrect – an enzyme is not consumed during the chemical reaction. B. Incorrect – the enzyme does not have the ability to decrease the rate of a reactions; the rate of reaction is affected by temperature, pH, concentration, etc. C. Incorrect – The graph illustrates that enzyme activity decreases as the temperature increases beyond 40 degrees. D. Correct – enzymes have an optimum temperature range at which they function; when the temperature exceeds that range, the enzyme will denature, causing it to change shape and no longer be able to bind to the substrate. next question

BIO.A.3.1 Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation MOST LIKELY occurs first within the observed organelle? • A. ATP to light • B. Light to chemical • C. Heat to electrical • D. Chemical to chemical

1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?