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Chapter 20. Population and Urbanization. Chapter Outline. Population Theories of Population Growth Population and Social Inequality Urbanization. The City of God: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is one of the world’s most beautiful cities.
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Chapter 20 Population and Urbanization
Chapter Outline • Population • Theories of Population Growth • Population and Social Inequality • Urbanization
The City of God: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is one of the world’s most beautiful cities. • With a population of more than 12 million in 2002, it is the 18th biggest metropolitan area in the world. • Not all are well off, slums are home to about 20% of the city’s inhabitants.
The City of God: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Brazil’s 41 million people in 1940 multiplied to about 180 million in 2004. • The country is now more urbanized than the United States, with more than 3/4 of its population living in urban areas.
1 The Population “Explosion” • 10,000 years before the birth of Christ there were only about 6 million people in the world. • By the time Christ was born, world population had risen to 250 million, and it increased to some 760 million by 1750. • The number of humans reached 1 billion in 1804 and 5 billion in 1987.
2 The Population “Explosion” • In 2005, there was an estimated 6.4 billion people in the world according to the U.S. Census Bureau. • Where 1 person stood 12,000 years ago, there are now 1067 people. • Statistical projections suggest that by 2100, there will be about 1700 people.
5 Question • There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have. • Strongly agree • Agree somewhat • Unsure • Disagree somewhat • Strongly disagree
6 How Demographers Analyze Population Changes and Composition • The basic equation of population change is P2= P1+ B - D + I - E. • P2 is population change. • P1 is population size. • B is the number of births. • D is the number of deaths. • I is the number of immigrants arriving. • E is the number of emigrants leaving.
7 Malthusian Theory of Population Growth • While food supplies increase slowly, populations grow quickly. • Only war, pestilence, and famine can keep human population growth in check.
8 Critiques of Malthus • Technological advances have allowed rapid growth in how much food is produced for each person on the planet. • This is the opposite of the slow growth Malthus predicted.
9 Critiques of Malthus • Malthus thought the population couldn’t grow much larger in late-18th-century Western Europe without “positive checks” coming into play. • The Western European population increased from 187 million people in 1801 to 321 million in 1900. It has now stabilized at about half a billion.
10 Critiques of Malthus • Population growth does not always produce misery. • Despite rapid population increases, Western Europe is one of the most prosperous regions in the world.
11 Critiques of Malthus • Helping the poor does not generally result in the poor having more children. • Although the human sexual urge is as strong as Malthus thought, people have developed contraceptive to control the consequences of sexual activity.
12 Malthusian trap • The Malthusian trap refers to a cycle of population growth followed by an outbreak of war, pestilence, or famine that keeps population growth in check.
Question • Malthus’ theory of population is based on which of the following arguments? • people are driven by a strong sexual urge • population size grows geometrically • food supply increases arithmetically • all of these choices
Answer: d • Malthus’ theory of population is based on the following arguments: people are driven by a strong sexual urge, population size grows geometrically, and food supply increases arithmetically.
Renewable Resources, World, % Change, 1990–2010 (projected)
13 Demographic Transition Theory • Explains how changes in fertility and mortality affected population growth from preindustrial to postindustrial times. • The crude death rate is the annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a population. • The crude birth rate is the annual number of live births per 1000 women in a population.
13 Demographic Transition Theory: 4 Stages • Pre-industrial era - crude birth rates and crude death rates were high and population growth was slow. • Early industrialization - crude death rates fell, population growth was rapid.
13 Demographic Transition Theory: 4 Stages • Later in industrialization era -values about having children changed, the crude birth rate fell, resulting in slow growth again. • Postindustrial era - crude death rate has risen above the crude birth rate in many societies.
Question • Demographic transition theory holds that, during the early industrial period, the population experienced: • a fast increase • a slow increase • no increase or decline • a slow decline
Answer: a • Demographic transition theory holds that, during the early industrial period, the population experienced a fast increase.
14 Replacement Level • The number of children that each woman must have on average for population size to remain stable. • Ignoring any inflow of population from other countries and any outflow to other countries, the replacement level is 2.1.
15 Immigration and Emigration • Immigration, or in-migration, is the inflow of people into one country from one or more other countries and their settlement in the destination country. • Emigration, or out-migration, is the outflow of people from one country and their settlement in one or more other countries.
19 Case Study: Kerala • Kerala is a state in India with more than 30 million people. • Kerala had a total fertility rate of 1.8 in 1991, half of India’s national rate and far less than the replacement level of 2.1.
19 Case Study: Kerala • The government of Kerala solved overpopulation by increasing gender equality: • Organized programs to educate women and increase participation in the paid labor force. • Made family planning widely available. • Today, Keralan women have the highest literacy rate, the highest labor force participation rate, and the highest rate of political participation in India.
20 Sex Ratio • The ratio of women to men. • In the United States in 2000, the sex ratio was about 1.03 (103 women for every 100 men). • In the world as a whole, there were just 98 women for every 100 men in 2000. • In India and China, there were only 94 women for every 100 men.
20 Sex Ratio • The sex ratio is low where women have less access to health services, medicine, and adequate nutrition than do men. • In China and India, some parents prefer sons over daughters and sex-selective abortion contributes to the low sex ratio. • In highly developed countries, women and men have equal access to health services, medicine, and adequate nutrition, and sex-selective abortion is very rare.
22 Question • If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm? • City • Suburban area • Small town • Farm
23 Chicago School • Described the arrangement of the industrial city as expanding concentric circles: • The main business, entertainment, and shopping area is in the center. • The class position of residents increases as from inner to outer rings.
Central city • Suburban residential areas • Circumferential highway • Radial highway • Shopping mall • Industrial district • Office park • Service center • Airport complex • Combined employment and shopping center
25 After Chicago: A Critique • Social isolation, stress, emotional withdrawal and other problems may be as common in rural as in urban areas. • The patterns discovered are most applicable to American industrial cities in the first quarter of the 20th century. • Presents urban growth as a natural process, slighting historical, political, and economic foundations in capitalist industrialization.
26 Human Ecology • A theoretical approach to urban sociology that borrows ideas from biology and ecology to highlight the links between the physical and social dimensions of cities and identify the dynamics and patterns of urban growth.
27 Human Ecology • Differentiation in the theory of human ecology refers to the process by which urban populations and their activities become more complex and heterogeneous over time.
28 Human Ecology • Competition in the theory of human ecology refers to the struggle by different groups for optimal locations in which to reside and set up their businesses. • Ecological succession in the theory of human ecology refers to the process by which a distinct urban group moves from one area to another and a second group comes in to replace the group that has moved out.
Question • Differentiation in the theory of human ecology refers to: • vivid and detailed descriptions and analyses of urban life • borrowing of ideas from biology and ecology to highlight the links between the physical and social dimensions of cities • process by which urban populations become more complex and heterogenous over time
Answer: c • Differentiation in the theory of human ecology refers to the process by which urban populations and their activities become more complex and heterogenous over time.
29 New Urban Sociology • Emerged in the 1970s and stresses that city growth is a process rooted in power relations and the urge to profit.
