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BUILDING SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN SUDAN BY IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS

BUILDING SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN SUDAN BY IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS. Ruth Haug, Noragric, Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Sudan today. 33 mill people 2005: 6,5 mill displaced people (war, underdevelopment, drought) Oil fields: 55.000 people fled in 2000/01

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BUILDING SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN SUDAN BY IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS

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  1. BUILDING SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN SUDAN BY IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS Ruth Haug, Noragric, Norwegian University of Life Sciences

  2. Sudan today • 33 mill people • 2005: 6,5 mill displaced people (war, underdevelopment, drought) • Oil fields: 55.000 people fled in 2000/01 • Peace agreement signed January 2005 • Darfur conflict not included in the peace agreement

  3. Causes of conflict • Marginalisation/inequitable distribution • Ethnic and cultural differences (Arabs-Africans) discrimination • Religion (Sharia introduced in 1983) • Fight over resouces (oil, water, minerals, land) • Colonial influence (top down approach) • Governance crisis in Khartoum

  4. Peace agreement • Power sharing: Government of National Unity, political autonomy S-Sudan • Wealth sharing: oil 50-50% • Military arrangements: 3 armed forces • Boundaries: special arrangements in three states (Abyei, S Blue Nile, S) • 6 years interim period then referendum • Implementation (UN peace forces)

  5. Peace building • Peace making (January 2005) • Peace keeping • Peace building: Political, Livelihoods, Security More than half of all peace agreements fail and the parties drift back to war

  6. Sustainable peace: What is needed? • Fragile state • Darfur • National ownership of peace • SPLM: Civil organisation • Livelihood improvements • No unified south identity • Who will control the military • International pressure and control

  7. Livelihood improvements • Address war distruction (IDPs, widows) • Rebuild institutions and communities • Coordination – chaos or both? • Role of NGOs • Strength of SPLM • Food and capacity building

  8. Food relief • Contentious exercise • Prone to external and internal bias • Operation lifeline Sudan (UN/GoS/NGOs) • Relief has not developed local capcity • Relief has undermined local production

  9. Livelihood improvements • Misguided external aid pacify people • NGOs/donors act as if there were no government • Build educational capacity • Improve health services • Agriculture the only livelihood option • Tenure security of prime importance • Market constraints depress production • Agricultural research and extension

  10. Joint Assessment Mission (JAM) • Agricultural components Cluster 4: Not related to Livelihood & Social Protection • Weak analysis (cultivate 2% of 95% arable, soil is eroded by slash&burn) • Recommendations (public& private patnership, fertilizer, rice cultivation) • Technology, infrastructure, institutions, markets, agro-processing

  11. Conclusion • Reconstruction has to address the consequesces of war • Sustainable peace has to be built from below by improving people’s livelihoods • Agricultural development of crucial importance for food, income, growth and poverty reduction

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