Chapter 10

1. Multicultural Law Enforcement and Terrorism:Overview, Response Strategies, and Multicultural Communities Chapter 10

2. Learning Objectives for Chapter 10 • Describe the role that law enforcement holds in the war on terrorism within multicultural communities • Review the skills needed in diverse communities to prevent and to deal with the aftermath of terrorism • Highlight the complexities of solving crimes involving terrorism

3. Learning Objectives for Chapter 10 • Provide specific response strategies in terms of collaborative and partnership work within local, state, and federal agencies • Delineate recommendations for law enforcement officers and other emergency services personnel in actively responding to terrorism within multicultural communities

4. Definitions Terrorism: A violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any segment to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. U.S. Department of Justice (1997)

5. Definitions The FBI (1996) defines two types of terrorism that occur in the United States: Domestic terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government, organizations, or population without foreign direction. International terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside of the United States or whose activities transcend national boundaries.

6. Historical Background • Terrorism has always been a part of organized society • Targets and tactics of terrorists have changed over time • Today’s terrorists attack a wider range of targets that have been considered immune historically • Work of law enforcement extremely challenging and solutions require a high level of sophistication

7. Myths and Stereotypes About Terrorists • Arab and Middle Eastern nationality or ethnic/cultural background • Insane and/or behave like automatons • Not as skillful or professional as U.S. Law enforcement officers and personnel

8. Key Attitudes and Skills Important for Law Enforcement • Respecting cultural behaviors that may be different from one’s own • Observing and understanding behaviors important to diverse communities • Analyzing and interpreting diverse behaviors for application in multicultural communities

9. Changing Perceptions of Who the Terrorists Are • Anyone could be a terrorist • Learn to acknowledge the terrorist’s motivation, skills, and capabilities • Observe and interpret street-level behaviors • Analyze and utilize intelligence and other sources of information

10. Global, National, Regional, or Local? • Targets and methods of terrorists are more diverse • General trend of fewer attacks in the U.S. • Individual attacks are more deadly • America and Americans have been a favorite choice of targets for terrorists

11. Domestic or International Terrorism? Some useful clues: • Time of the event • Occupancy, location, and purpose related to the target • Controversial businesses • Public buildings and venues • Symbolic and historical targets • Infrastructure systems and services

12. First-Response Challenge for Law Enforcement Law enforcement officers as “first responders” • Dealing with the attack • Residual effects of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) • Dealing with secondary devices and attacks • Officers’ safety and self-protection

13. Forms of Self-Protection for WMD Key Principles • Time • Distance • Shielding

14. RESPONSE STRATEGIES

15. Detecting and Preventing Attacks of Terrorism • Using some of the same skills in identifying the criminal behaviors of potential terrorists • Recognizing the Terrorist Attack Pre-Incident Indicators (TAPIs) • Employing behavior-recognition profiles to detect criminals and terrorists • Applying multicultural knowledge and skills

16. Law Enforcement Response to Terrorism • Initial considerations and assessment • Perimeter control • Public safety and protection considerations • Crime scene security considerations

17. Evaluation of the Incident Area Importance of multicultural knowledge: • Establishing control zone for public safety • Consideration for large, extended families • Effective communication networks and the use of community leaders • Availability of translators and interpreters • Sacred and religious structures

18. Public Safety and Protection Considerations • Evaluation of all threatened and affected populations • Protect-in-place for all • Combination of evacuation and protect-in-place

19. Considerations in Evacuating Multicultural Communities • Degree of severity of public danger • Number of individuals or size of population • Resources available to evacuate • Notification and instructional resources • Route security • Opportunity to implement plans • Special needs of evacuees

20. Incident Command Systems for Coordination of Multiple Response Agencies • Crisis management—Presidential Decision Directive-39 (PDD-39) • Federal Response Plan (FRP) • FBI and FEMA coordination with local public safety agencies

21. Law Enforcement Coordination of Efforts • Preparation and planning • Cost of deployment • Access to intelligence and informational databases • Multi-jurisdictional training and rehearsal

22. Building Community Networks and Resources • Detect and deter terrorist incidents and attacks • Obtain critical information • Develop trust and positive relationships with multicultural communities • Access to the ethnic and multicultural media for communication

23. Other Key Issues in Law Enforcement • False tips from informants • Training to heighten awareness • Extension of community policing approaches