Memory

1. Memory • Memory Models • Retrieval • Forgetting • Improving Memory Andrew Lloyd Webber - Memories (Cats).mp3

2. Memory Models • Parallel Distributed Processing • Computer • Three Box (Traditional)

3. Semantic Networks Parallel Distributed Processing - (PDP)

4. Memory - the storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced. The processing of memory: Computer Model Encoding - the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it. Storage - the process by which information is maintained over a period of time. Retrieval - the process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.

5. Traditional View of Memory • (Three Stage Model) • Sensory memory • Iconic memory - up to 1 second • Echoic memory - Up to 2 seconds • Short-term Memory - limited capacity • Up to 30 seconds only 5 to 9 items • Long-term Memory - unlimited capacity

6. Three Stage Model

7. Sensory Iconic Echoic Taste Smell Touch

8. Short Term Memory • George Miller (1956) • Miller writes the article The Magical Number Seven • The concept of “Chunking” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two Rehearsal: Maintenance (rote repetition) Elaborative (association) Deep Processing (patterns, labels, and concepts) *Meaning / connections – comprehension Cermak and Craik http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/w820605k40528617/

9. Contents of Long Term Memory Implicit / Procedural Memories: Motor skills, habits, and simple classical conditioned responses such as brush hair, use pencil, drive car Outside consciousness. http://www.killerclips.com/clip.php?id=124&qid=1594 Explicit / Declarative: Intentional learning or conscious knowledge. Remembering social security number, name of 1st grade teacher, and current psych teacher. Semantic : Representations – facts, rules, concepts Episodic: Personally experienced events (vacations)

10. Retrieval Recall: Ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier –Trivial Pursuit, Jeopardy, Memory games Recognition: ID info you previously observed, read, or heard about Recognition superior over recall Implicit memory Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions. Relearning: Better the second time

11. Why Do We Forget? Ebbinghaus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgetting_curve Forgetting Curve and Relearning (Savings Method) Jones and Roediger http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a784134072~db=all Serial Position Effect: Primacy / Recency Radosevich and Donovanhttp://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/summer2002/askcognitivescientist.html Bloom and Shuell http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=JzqH6DvBYdkK3yPKcD2kF9bgvtQP5hTkwvGgSTVqJMCgl7zd1JRg!861414320?docId=77505647 Rea and Modigliani http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1986-07610-001 Spacing of Practice: Distributed practice / Massed Pracitce

12. Big Girls Don’t Forget!The 4 Reasons • Decay • Replacement • Interference • Cue – Dependent • *psychogenic and motivated forgetting

13. Decay • Sensory and Short Term Memories can decay quickly (1-4 seconds in sensory and 30 seconds in STM) • Over time some memories fade away (decay) from LTM. • *Sometimes you remember things 10 years ago, but can’t remember what you had for lunch two days ago. • Spanish swimming…

14. Replacement • New information can replace the old (Like recording over an old movie or Cleaning up your hard drive) • Even False Memories can Replace Real Memories • (Loftus: Leading questions)

15. Interference • Similar items of information can interfere with one another either in storage or retrieval. • Memories are not erased but get confused with other information. • (Occurs in STM and LTM) • Retroactive Interference: New info interferes with the ability to remember the old • Proactive Interference: Old information interferes with ability to learn or remember new info. • * Spanglish, Portutalian Judy - Julie

16. Retrieval Failure Cue Dependent: • When trying to retrieve information / memory, we rely on retrieval cues. (Last name of actor cue would be first name, co – star, or movie) • Most common for LTM • Cues that are present @ input (past) are most useful for present retrieval aids. Contextual cues - a place, a scent… Overlapping cues from present and past: eerie feeling of Deja vuState Dependent: • A drink, an emotion /mood

17. InRev6b InRev6a InRev5b InRev5a InRev4b InRev2a Factors Affecting Retrieval from Long-Term Memory InRev7a Process Effect on Memory InRev7b Retrieval cues are effective only to the extent that they tap into information that was originally encoded. Retrieval is most successful when it occurs in the same environment in which the information was originally learned. Retrieval is most successful when people are in the same psychological state as when they originally learned the information In Freud’s theory, a defense mechanism in which impulses, memories or ideas are forcibly blocked from the conscious mind.. Encoding specificity Context dependence State dependence Repression

18. Psychogenic / Motivated • Psychogenic Amnesia: No physical trauma • Debate over Repression Psychodynamic vs Cognitive Perspective • Leading Questions, Manipulation, Suggestive Therapy • *Probably occurs as a rare phenomina • Emotion focused Coping Strategy

19. Organic • Injured Brain • Alzheimer's Biological Model of Memory Reverberation circuits: firing of neurons during STM process… Consolidation / lesions and brain injuries Hormonal change - Cue

20. 08_19 the cerebral cortex stores segments of memories in a variety of locations. Cerebral cortex Hippocampus Thalamus Amygdala acts as a relay station for sensory information the emotional center which is very important in memory The hippocampus is the primary location for short-term memory

21. InRev6b InRev6a InRev5b InRev5a InRev4b InRev2a IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY InRev7b InRev7a Domain Helpful Techniques InRev7c Lists of items Textbook material Lectures Studying for exams Use mnemonics. Look for meaningful acronyms. Try the method of loci. Follow the SQ3R system. Allocate your time to allow for distributed practice. Read actively, not passively. Take notes, but record only the main points. Think about the overall organization of the material. Review your notes as soon after the lecture as possible in order to fill in missing points. Write a detailed outline of your lecture notes rather than passively reading them.

22. Reconstructing Memory Manufactured Memory Source amnesia:not able to determine what actually happened from the story you’ve manufactured. Fading Flashbulb: vivid at first but facts fade over time… Confabulation: You’ve thought about the imagined event many times. The image of the event contains a lot of details. The event is easy to imagine. You focus on your emotional reactions to the event rather than on what actually happened.

23. Memory’s Seven Basic Sins(David Schacter) • Transience: Information becomes less accessible over time. Forget phone number you just looked up • Poor encoding: Inattention or shallow processing results in weak storage. Didn’t concentrate while studying for exam, get low score. • Blocking: Retrieval problems cause temporary inaccessibility. Name you know on tip of tongue. • Misattribution: A recollection or idea is attributed to the wrong source (Source Amnesia). Memory of 1st day of Kindergarten is really based on what your mom told you. • Suggestibility: Leading questions or comments implant a memory that did not previously exist. Witness remembers suspect’s face after leading question. • Bias: Current knowledge and beliefs distort memory of the past. Resentment of parent causes over estimation of parents past harshness toward you. • Persistence: Unable to forget events or information despite wanting to do so. Assault victim has persistent “flashbacks” to event.