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Physiology, Health & Exercise

Discover the vital role of the cardiovascular system in health, exercise, and disease prevention. Explore the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, and circulation, and learn how exercise can reduce the risk of major diseases like CHD, stroke, diabetes, and osteoporosis.

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Physiology, Health & Exercise

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  1. Physiology, Health & Exercise Physiology and diseases of the cardiovascular system Energy balance and obesity Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis

  2. Introduction • Exercise has wide ranging effects on the body and the mind. • In particular, it can reduce your risk of major diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, obesity, Diabetes Mellitus and Osteoporosis. • An active lifestyle will not only reduce your risk of developing these diseases but also give you a sense of well being and confidence.

  3. Structure & Function of the cardiovascular system • The heart is the central organ of the CVS pumping blood to the lungs and the other tissues of the body. • The primary purpose is to move substances around the body • The blood can only reach these tissues by passing through blood vessels, the other vital component of the CVS. • The CVS supplies all the cells of the body with nutrient and oxygen-rich blood and removes carbon dioxide which would otherwise kill cells.

  4. Heart Structure • 4 chambers • Atria at top • Ventricles at bottom • Muscular pump composed of cardiac muscle • Can beat without input from the nervous system

  5. Heart Structure • The cardiovascular system is closed as blood is transported within blood vessels. • It is also described as a double circulatory system because in one complete circulation of the body blood goes through the heart twice. • The left ventricle wall of the heart is thicker than the right as it is pumping blood around the whole body compared to only the lungs.

  6. Heart Structure • Having a double circulation reduces the time taken for the blood to circulate the whole body and allows mammals to have a higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) • The right side (RA) of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and it passes it to the lungs to be oxygenated. • The left side (LA) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and passes it to the rest of the body.

  7. Pulmonary circuit Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein RV lungs LA

  8. Systemic Circuit Major organs Vena Cava Aorta RA LV

  9. Valves of the Heart • The valves between the atria and ventricles are known as atrio-ventricular valves (AV valves) as they prevent the back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract. • Between RA & RV- tricuspid valve (3 flaps) • Between LA & LV- bicuspid valve (2 flaps)- also called mitral valve

  10. Valves of the Heart • The semi-lunar valves are found at the origins of the pulmonary artery and aorta. • Between RV and pulmonary artery- pulmonary valve • Between LV and aorta- aortic valve • Open when ventricles contract to allow blood flow into the arteries • Close when arterial pressure falls to prevent blood flowing back into the ventricles when they relax.

  11. Valves of the Heart • The heart valves closing cause the lub-dub sound heard with a stethoscope • A “heart murmur”- “sloshing sound” as valves not closing properly

  12. Heart Dissection • Heart dissection

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