Unit 4 Fear

1. Hemispheres: Reading and Writing Course Unit 4 Fear 单击添加署名或公司信息

2. Unit 4 Fear Text A Shark Attack Text B Fear

3. CONTENTS

4. LEAD-IN A. Work in pairs or groups to list in different columns as many things that scare you as possible. Keys earthquake spider public speaking hurricane standing high snake volcanic explosion dog taking plane flood mouse darkness drought bee watching horror movies

5. LEAD-IN B. Tick (√) the situation that triggers most fears in your mind and explain why. Situation 1: Being alone in the elevator at 11.30 p.m. Situation 2: Walking in an empty dark street at midnight. Situation 3: Travelling alone in a foreign country. Situation 4: Being interviewed by employers for the first time. Situation 5: Being infected with a serious disease. Situation 6: Delivering a speech in front of a big audience. Situation 7: Watching horror movies alone. Situation 8: Going bungee jumping.

6. READING AND SPEAKING Background Information phobia A phobia is an intense and persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, animals, or people. The main symptom of this disorder is the excessive and unreasonable desire to avoid the feared stimulus.

7. READING AND SPEAKING Background Information Miss Muffet Miss Muffet is from a nursery rhyme named Little Miss Muffet: Little Miss Muffet, sat on a tuffet, eating her curbs and whey. There came a big spider, and sat down beside her, and frightened Miss Muffet away.

8. READING AND SPEAKING Identifying Words That Indicate Purposes The words and phrases to, in order to, and so that identify the purpose or intention of an action. They enable us to answer Why questions about actions. X Skill Focus • Read the first paragraph. What does • arachnophobia mean? What does phobia mean? • ________________________________________ • ________________________________________ Arachnophobia means “a fear of spiders”. Phobia means “a fear of something”. Keys Article

9. READING AND SPEAKING Overcoming Fear Some people like spiders, and some are nervous around them—and a few suffer from arachnophobia. Most people have little understanding of arachnophobia, but Dr. Hoffman knows a lot about it. It’s one of the many phobias he helps patients overcome, using virtual technology. Translation New words

10. READING AND SPEAKING One of his patients, nicknamed Miss Muffet, was terrified of spiders. For years, before she got in a car, she sprayed it with poison to kill any spiders. Before she went to bed, she sealed her windows with tape so that spiders couldn’t come in. She kept her clothes in plastic in order to stop spiders from hiding in them. These techniques provided a little relief, but Miss Muffet was still so afraid of spiders that she became unable to leave her house. She felt lonely and sad. She was very depressed. Her life was becoming unbearable. Translation

11. READING AND SPEAKING Miss Muffet had to do something. She finally went to Dr. Hoffman in order to get treatment. Dr. Hoffman used a computer to create a virtual world full of spiders. Then, he put Miss Muffet into it. Miss Muffet wore a special headset to enter the virtual world of spiders. First, she simply watched a spider across the room. She did this every day, and gradually she became less afraid of it. Soon she was wearing a special glove to pick up virtual spiders. Translation

12. READING AND SPEAKING Then, Dr. Hoffman gave her a final test. He showed her a real spider. Miss Muffet was able to hold it confidently in her hand! It was a thrilling moment for both doctor and patient. Few people suffer from their phobias to the extent Miss Muffet did. Virtual technology has helped a few people with arachnophobia, and Dr. Hoffman is looking for ways to help people with other phobias. Perhaps phobias will soon be a thing of the past. Translation

13. READING AND SPEAKING B. Read the article. Circle the things that happened in it and write the letters next to the correct purpose or intention. • a. Miss Muffet sprayed her car with poison. • b. Miss Muffet put tape on her windows. • c. Miss Muffet hid her clothes. • d. Dr. Hoffman asked Miss Muffet to get treatment. • e. Dr. Hoffman used a computer as part of Miss Muffet’s treatment • f. Miss Muffet wore a special headset and glove. Keys

14. READING AND SPEAKING _______ to see and hold the virtual spiders _______ in order to create a virtual world filled with spiders _______ to keep spiders outside _______ so that she could kill any spiders f e b a Keys

15. READING AND SPEAKING C. Check (✓) the things you are afraid of. Discuss ways to cope with these fears. _______fire _________crime _______public speaking _________shark _______dogs _________dirt _______flying (in a plane) others:_________

16. TEXT A

17. TEXT A Background Information Peter Benchley Peter Bradford Benchley (May 8, 1940 – February 12, 2006) was an American author, best known for his novel Jaws and its subsequent film adaptation, the latter co-written by Benchley (with Carl Gottlieb) and directed by Steven Spielberg. Several more of his works were also adapted for cinema, including The Deep and the Island.

18. TEXT A Background Information Jaws Jaws is a 1975 American thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley’s novel of the same name. The police chief of Amity Island, a fictional summer resort town, tries to protect beachgoers from a giant great white shark by closing the beach, only to be overruled by the town council, which wants the beach to remain open to draw a profit from tourists during the summer season. After several attacks, the police chief enlists the help of a marine biologist and a professional shark hunter.

19. TEXT A Background Information Steven Spielberg Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946) is an American film director, screenwriter, and film producer. In a career spanning six decades, Spielberg’s films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg’s early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as an archetype of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing such issues as the Holocaust, slavery, war and terrorism. He is considered to be one of the most influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler’s List (1993) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Three of Spielberg’s films—Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993).

20. TEXT A Shark Attack 全文音频 Believe it or not, this shark is more afraid of you than you are of it. 无论你信不信，人怕鲨鱼，鲨鱼更怕人。

21. TEXT A TRANSLATION 1. The fatal shark attack on a Florida surfer has prompted a typical round of fear-mongering, with some in Florida wondering if beaches should be closed. But the facts are clear: If you think going in the water is scary, then you should stay out of your house. 2. It’s no wonder sharks scare us, and Peter Benchley’s 1974 novel Jaws and Steven Spielberg’s hit movie that followed certainly haven’t helped. Even among shark lovers, the fear an apex predator like a great white dislodges from our is a big part of the . definitely subconscious fascination

22. TEXT A TRANSLATION 3.But the fact remains that the death of Florida surfer Stephen Schafer after being bitten by a shark or sharks off Stuart Beach, Florida, is far more an anomaly than business as usual. So if you’re planning a trip to the local beach next summer, try to put out of your mind today’s news reports of a “ravenous” “swarm” of sharks that took Mr. Schafer’s life (frequently accompanied with file photos of gaping-mawed great whites).

23. TEXT A TRANSLATION • A fatal shark attack is vanishingly rare when considered against the tens of millions of people who venture into the ocean each year and the fact that almost always they’re in reasonably close proximity to sharks. The folks at the International Shark Attack File report 137 fatal unprovoked attacks—total—by sharks worldwide since 1580.

24. TEXT A TRANSLATION 5.They also typically seek to use like Mr. Schafer’s as teaching moments for , trying to calm fears that in the past have fueled punitive hunting of these animals. For instance, in the U.S. since 1942, there have been twice as many fatal attacks by alligators (18) than by sharks (9). Man’s best friend? He’s been responsible for at least 198 human fatalities since 2001 alone. Lightning ? There have been 1,930 fatalities in the U.S. since 1959. tragedies the public at large irrational strikes

25. TEXT A TRANSLATION 6. Those numbers are pretty much the same around the world, but if you really want to scare yourself, here’s a good factoid: statistics in Britain show that 30,000 people die in that country every year from accidents in the home. 7. As for the sharks, they’re more afraid of us than we are of them. The United Nations that 10 million sharks are killed for their each year, and a number of conservationists consider that an . roughly estimates underestimate

26. TEXT A TRANSLATION 8. And are sharks “ravenous killers” if they do occasionally bite? Usually not. Most shark attacks are a case of mistaken identity—a shark mistaking a surfer for a tasty sea turtle or seal. Most sharks usually bite and then let go, in search of a more usual prey. 9. In the 1990s when I was living in Indonesia, I had an who survived 5 hours in open water after her ferry sank off the coast of Sumatra. Her time in the water was a horrifying ordeal, and she reported being “bumped” by large sharks a number of times while in the water. Terrifying, of course, but none of them elected to take a bite out of her. acquaintance

27. TEXT A TRANSLATION 10. Researchers say such bumping is probably a shark’s way of figuring out if something on the surface is a good thing to eat. 11.Mr. Benchley, who in 2006, came to regret writing Jaws, which he felt fed irrational hatred of a fish that does not typically prey on humans. He became a shark conservationist. 12. “Sharks are much more the victims than the villains,” he said in 2000 to a group in Hong Kong. “... You are much more likely to be killed by bees, dogs, bats, and certainly in Hong Kong, automobiles.” passed away

28. TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

29. TEXT A READING COMPREHENSION Keys A. Identify the paragraph from which the following information is derived. 1. According to the International Shark Attack File, 137 fatal attacks by sharks are out of no reason. (para. ) 2. Some experts say that sharks choose to bump you probably because they want to find out if you are a good thing to eat. (para. ) 3. Mr. Benchley regretted wiring laws. (para. ) 4. Sharks are more afraid of us than we are of them. (para. ) 5. A woman was bumped by sharks in the water but none of them bit her. (para. ) 4 10 11 7 9

30. TEXT A READING COMPREHENSION Keys B. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. 1. The fatal shark attack caused ___ among ordinary people. C 2. The phenomenon that sharks bite human is actually ________. A

31. TEXT A 3. It is estimated that 10 million sharks are killed because ___________. C Keys

32. TEXT A 4. Sharks bite people mostly because __________. B Keys

33. TEXT A 5.The author’s friend’s experience proves that close proximity to sharks is ___________. B Keys

34. TEXT A C. Answer the following questions according to the text. 1. What does the author imply by saying that “if you think going in the water is scary, then you should definitely stay out of your house”? 2. What’s Steven Spielberg’s hit movie most probably about? 3. Why did Mr. Benchley come to regret writing Jaws? The chance of your getting attacked by sharks in the water is far smaller than your getting hurt in your house. Scary great white sharks. Because he felt that the book fed irrational hatred of a fish that does not typically prey on humans.

35. TEXT A Vocabulary Study the words that can collocate with “strike” and complete the following sentences with them. supermarket mall perfume lipstick • The government should redistribute goods and materials in the market in order to strike a ___________ between supply and demand and regulations at any time. • 2. As a college student, our constant aim is to strike ___________ in the present and face the future. balance sandwich steak roots dress pants Keys

36. TEXT A up 3. Without hesitation, I struck ___________ a conversation with the professor as soon as he finished his lecture . 4. He was struck ________ by AIDS while in his thirties. 5. The doctor was struck ______ by the hospital as the result of a serious accident. 6. Mark’s criticism of his cousin’s laziness really strikes ____________. supermarket mall perfume down lipstick off dress pants home Keys

37. TEXT A 7. His head struck the ___________ when he dived into the 6ft end of the pool. 8. Both of the companies hope to strike a ___________ with each other. 9. It is quite dark here, so he stroke a ______ to light a candle as they didn’t take a torch with them. 10. We should make great efforts to convince them instead of striking a ___________ to frighten them. bottom deal supermarket mall perfume lipstick match sandwich steak dress pants pose Keys

38. TEXT A CRITICAL THINKING Discuss the following questions with a partner. 1. In what way can the two pictures above scare you? The use of computer and mobile phone may lead to privacy leakage.

39. TEXT A 2. Brainstorm the fears caused by modern devices of communication and illustrate why you are scared. 3.What do you do to make full use of the communication devices without being influenced by its negative effects? The number of your mobile phone may become the target of people with ill intention. When you use the search engine, the search records can easily be traced back to the computer it came from. Leave your phone number only when necessary. Don’t put your personal information online unless it’s necessary and erase it as soon as possible.

40. TEXT B

41. TEXT B Fear 全文音频 Looking around, there are numerous instances of fears that keep people from getting what they want every day, especially for children. To live a better life, we need to learn about fear and try to conquer it. 看看我们周边，有关恐惧的例子很多。人们因为恐惧症而无法满足日常需要，尤其是孩子。要想过上更好的生活，我们就要了解恐惧、克服恐惧。

42. TEXT B TRANSLATION 1.Fear is an intense aversion to or of a person, place, activity, event, or object that causes emotional and often behavior. apprehension distress avoidance

43. TEXT B TRANSLATION 2. Fears are common in childhood. Most children have some fears. Fears are normal, and can be a good thing. For example, children need to know they should not run into a street. They need to know not to play with knives. A little fear is good, but too much fear is a problem. So is too little fear. A child with too much fear may not want to leave the house. A child with not enough fear may get into a stranger’s car. Children’s personalities also will influence their fears. One child may more things than another child. Some children are braver, while others are more shy and fearful. be scared of

44. TEXT B TRANSLATION 3. Many childhood fears fall somewhere between the rational and irrational. Whether a child’s fear is considered normal generally depends on his or her age, background, and most importantly on how much it his or her normal daily activities. Fear of water may be considered normal in a child who has never learned how to swim, but it might be considered in the adolescent son of a coastal fisherman. interferes with abnormal

45. TEXT B TRANSLATION 4. When fears are irrational and disabling, they are called phobias. Phobias cause people to worry about, dread, feel upset, and avoid the things or situations they fear because the physical sensations of fear can be so intense. Phobias belong to a large group of mental problems known as anxiety disorders and can be divided into two types: specific phobias and social phobias.

46. TEXT B TRANSLATION 5. A specific phobia is the fear of a particular situation or object, including anything from airplane travel to dentists. Found in one out of every ten Americans, specific phobias seem to run in families and are roughly twice as likely to appear in women. If the person rarely encounters the feared object, the phobia does not cause much harm. However, if the feared object or situation is common, it can seriously disrupt everyday life. Common examples of specific phobias, which can begin at any age, are fear of snakes, flying, elevators, high places, or open spaces.

47. TEXT B TRANSLATION 6. People with social phobia have deep fears of being watched or others and of being embarrassed in public. Common social phobias in children include reading aloud in front of a class; participating in a musical, drama, or athletic event; starting or joining in a conversation; talking to adults; and asking a teacher for help. judged by

48. TEXT B TRANSLATION 7. Social phobia is not the same as shyness. Shy people may feel uncomfortable with others, but they do not experience anxiety, they do not worry excessively about social situations beforehand, and they do not avoid events that make them feel . On the other hand, people with social phobia may not be shy; they may feel perfectly comfortable with people except in a public place. This feeling usually begins about age 15 and affects three times as many women as men. severe self-conscious

49. TEXT B TRANSLATION mildly 8. Social phobias may be only , or they may interfere with daily life. It is not unusual for people with social phobia to turn down job offers or avoid relationships because of their fears. 9. Although phobias are common, they rarely cause considerable distress or a significant disruption of everyday activities. Research shows that most children report having several fears at any given age. Some research shows that 90 percent of children aged two to 14 have at least one specific fear. If the fear does not interfere with the child’s daily life, such as sleeping, going to school, and social activities, then professional help is generally not needed. irritating significantly engaging in

50. TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS