Evidence for Large Deviations from the Hubble Relation in Normal Spiral Galaxies

1. Evidence for Large Deviations from the Hubble Relation in Normal Spiral Galaxies David G. Russell Owego Free Academy Owego, NY USA

2. The Redshift Distance Relationship

3. Hubble’s 1929 Data

4. Hubble 1936

5. Ks-TFR (Russell 2009)

6. Hubble’s “Law”Standard Formulation cz = H0r + Vpec c= 300,000 km s-1 z = spectral line shift H0 = Hubble Constant (70 km s-1 Mpc-1) r = galaxy distance Vpec = galaxy peculiar motion

7. How much scatter in Hubble’s “Law”?

8. Deviations from Hubble’s “Law” are assumed to result from: • Peculiar motions Field Galaxies – 0 to 200 km s-1 Cluster Galaxies – up to 1000 to 1500 km s-1 • Errors in the redshift independent distance indicators *Criteria used since Hubble (1929, 1936)

9. NGC 5055 – Arp (1968) AGN (Liner) z = 0.0017 Radio Galaxy z = .079 Radio Quasar z = 1.67

10. Arp & Russell (2001) P = 2 x 10-9

11. Arp (1999) Seyfert Galaxy

12. Alternative version of Hubble Relationship cz = H0r + Vpec + Vnc c = 300,000 km s-1 z = spectral line shift H0 = Hubble Constant (70 km s-1 Mpc-1) r = galaxy distance Vpec = galaxy peculiar motion Vnc = non-cosmological redshift component

13. Mainstream axioms regarding evidence for non-cosmological redshifts: • All objects follow Hubble’s Law. • All objects that have modest deviations from Hubble’s law follow Hubble’s Law. • All objects that violate Hubble’s Law follow Hubble’s Law.

14. Establishing the existence of a non-cosmological redshift requires: • Evidence for interaction between two objects with very different redshifts • Evidence for a much higher redshift object superposed in front of a lower redshift object • Redshift independent distances

15. Bridges as evidence for interaction Zwicky (1954) “these connecting links of intergalactic matter provide the first reliable criterion of whether two, three, or more galaxies are located at the same distance from us.” Toomre&Toomre(1972)

16. Bridges as evidence for interaction • Irwin (1994) “Although no strong optical distortions or tidal tails are evident, we have detected a clear interaction in the form of two well-defined HI bridges connecting the galaxies…” Koribalski (2004)

17. NGC 7603 – Seyfert Galaxy

18. NEQ3 – Gutierrez & Lopez-Corredoira (2004) z = 0.34 z= 0.19 z= 0.22 z = 0.19 z = 0.12

19. ESO 469-7 NGC 4137 8680 km s-1 11205 km s-1 11032 km s-1 11034 km s-1

20. Trentham et al (2001) Dark Galaxies? An epicycle cannot be disproven. It can only be proven.

21. NGC 1275 5200 km s-1 8200 km s-1

22. Redshift Independent Distances Cepheid variables Type Ia Supernova Type II Supernova Fundamental Plane Surface Brightness Fluctuation method Globular cluster luminosity function Tip of the Red Giant Branch Tully-Fisher Relation

23. Centaurus Cluster • Lucey et al (1986)  Bimodal redshift distribution in Centaurus cluster • Cen30  NGC 4696 (~3000 km s-1) • Cen45  NGC 4709 (~4500 km s-1)

24. Centaurus Cluster NGC 4696 NGC 4709 34.5 Mpc 34.4 Mpc 3248 km s-1 4939 km s-1 +833 km s-1 +2531 km s-1 Tonry et al (2000) Tonry et al (2000)

25. B2 1637+29de Ruiter et al (1998) A1 Group  A1 26415 km s-1 A3, B, C1, C2, F, G A2 Group  A2 31113 km s-1 D, E

26. de Ruiter et al (1998) Conclusion: “This alternative is perhaps not very attractive, because the Hubble flow is believed to be reasonably smooth, with deviations (for example due to ‘great attractors’) much less than a thousand km/s, while here we would have to admit a difference of ~ 4000 km/s in the same region of space, not of a single galaxy but of entire groups of galaxies. On the other hand if we dismiss this possibility, we are left with the question of why a rather anonymous galaxy located in a poor cluster of galaxies, with a background galaxy of similar magnitude at only 6 arcsec, produces such an unusual radio structure.”

27. “How wonderful that we have met with a paradox. Now we have some hope of making progress.” ~Niels Bohr A list of mainstream investigations into the de Ruiter (1998) B2 1637+29 results is presented on the next slide.

28. Note: The above list is unabridged.

29. Ks-band Tully-Fisher Relation

30. Ks-Band TFR m-M = Ktc + 8.22(log Vrot) + 23.01 (+/-0.37) (+/-0.14) Typical data uncertainty Log Vrot = +/- 0.030 (Springob et al 2007) Ktc = +/- 0.03 to +/- 0.10 mag (2MASS  Strutskie et al 2006)

31. Tully-Fisher Errors Pisces Supercluster Scatter slow rotators: +/- 0.89 Scatter accepted sample: +/- 0.29 Inclinations Rotation curves 51 degrees? Next Slide Cluster Distance Distribution 76 degrees?

33. Galaxies with large deviations from the Hubble “Law”

34. ESO 501-75 – Hydra Cluster

35. ESO 501-75 ESO 317-32

36. ESO 445-27 Vel Rotation = 250 km s-1 +/-17 Inclination = 61 +/-3 degrees K-TFR m-M = 35.21 +/- 0.24 K-TFR Mpc = 110.2 MK TFR = -24.65 +/-.055 Redshift Vcmb = 11654 km s-1 ΔVcmb = +3940 km s-1 Hubble m-M = 36.11 Hubble Mpc = 166.5 MK Hubble = -25.55 BCG MK = -25.26 to -26.32

37. ESO 445-27 companions

38. IndependentSupernova Distance(Freedman et al 2001) IC 4232 117.1Mpc +/- 5.0 Vcmb = 9801 km s-1 208 arc min from ESO 444-31 (6.7 Mpc angular separation)

39. Visual Inspection of Images

40. Visual Inspection of Images IC 2104 E527-11 E445-27 CG476-111

43. A New Model of the Hubble Relation H0 = 58 km s-1 Mpc-1

44. Theoretical Mechanism Must be able to account for: 1. The existence of a cosmological redshift component. 2. Two galaxies at the same distance having very different redshift values. 3. Large galaxies having excess non-cosmological redshift. 4. Dominant non-cosmological redshift component in quasars.