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Low energy particle accelerators activities in Israel

Soreq. Low energy particle accelerators activities in Israel. Dan Berkovits April 10 th 2014 RECFA meeting @ TAU. Outline. VdG ion accelerators at the Weizmann Institute of Science Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) HUJI involvement in CLIC.

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Low energy particle accelerators activities in Israel

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  1. Soreq Low energy particle accelerators activities in Israel Dan Berkovits April 10th 2014 RECFA meeting @ TAU

  2. Outline VdG ion accelerators at the Weizmann Institute of Science Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) HUJI involvement in CLIC

  3. The 3 MV Van de Graaff Accelerator at the Weizmann Institute • TECHNICAL • 3 MV • p,d,3He and 4He beams • Up to 10 mA particle current on target • Three beam lines for experiments • Easy operation • SCIENTIFIC • Low-energy nuclear reactions for astrophysics • Neutrons via d-induced reactions on LiF • Radioactive nuclei production • Detector development • Implantation for optical wave guides

  4. 14 MV Tandem VdG accelerator @ WIS 1976-2007 • Acceleration of all ions from protons (28 MeV) to actinides • First 15 years: nuclear physics • Last 20 years: accelerator mass spectrometry, coulomb explosion imaging of molecules and space devices radiation damage G. Goldring, M. Hass and M. Paul, Nuclear Physics News, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004) 3-13

  5. The DANGOOR Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory @ WIS 0.5 MV Tandem Pelletron for 14C dating 1 PhD Physics + 4 PhD users + 5 PhD students in Archaeology and Anthropology http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Dangoor/home 5

  6. SARAFSoreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility 6

  7. SARAF – SoreqApplied Research Accelerator Facility To enlarge the experimental nuclear science infrastructure and promote research in Israel To develop and produce radioisotopes for bio-medical applications To modernize the source of neutrons at Soreq and extend neutron based research and applications

  8. Phase I - 2009 Phase II SARAF Accelerator Complex  superconducting RF linear accelerator

  9. Target Hall(2019) 20012010  Phase-I accelerator Radiopharmaceutical linac R&D Phase-II accelerator Thermal n source 40 m radiography diffractometer

  10. Nuclear Physics status in Israel Until a few years ago, there was a clear decrease of the number of nuclear physics researchers and students in Israel Senior researchers in Israeli academia formulated recommendations for improvement, which include the construction of SARAF as a world-class domestic scientific infrastructure that will attract new researchers and students In recent years we observe a trend reversal, which is attributed also to the expectations for the construction of SARAF

  11. SARAF Scientific Research Potential Search for physics beyond the Standard Model Nuclear Astrophysics Exploration of exotic nuclei High-energy neutron induced cross sections Neutron based material research Neutron based therapy Development of new radiopharmaceuticals Accelerator based neutron imaging I. Mardor, “SARAF - The Scientific Objectives”, SNRC Report #4413, May 2013

  12. Fast neutrons Spallation vs. stripping spectra Spallation 40 MeV d-Li vs. 1400 MeV p-W, 0 deg forward spectra, 8 cm downstream the primary target Direct+stripping 10 x d+T generator Area optimal for the (n,a) (n,p) (n,2n) (n,f) T. Hirsh PhD. WIS thesis 2012, T. Storaet al. EPL (2012) and D. Berkovitset al. LINAC12

  13. e+ nucleus q ne SARAF Phase II - “Day 1” (1/1) • 40 MeV 5 mA CW protons and deuterons • Two-stage irradiation target for light exotic nuclei (e.g., 6He, 8Li, 17-23Ne) • M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G. 35 (2008), T. Hirsh et al., J. Phys. NPA 337 (2012) • Traps (e.g., EIBT, MOT) for study of exotic nuclei and beyond SM physics • S. Vaintraub et al. J. of Physics 267 (2011), O. Aviv et al. J. of Physics 337 (2012) • Liquid lithium target for fast and epi-thermal neutrons • Nuclear astrophysics, BNCT, neutron induced cross sections • G. Feinberg et. al., Nucl. Phys. A 337 (2012), Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) • S. Halfon et al. App. Rad. Isot. 69 (2011), RSI 84 (2013), RSI submitted (2014) e M. Paul HUJI G. Ron HUJI Much room for improvement on Ne, towards per-mill precision MACS with 1011 n/sec – 100 times FZ Karlsruhe 13

  14. SARAF Phase II - “Day 1” (1/2) • 40 MeV 5 mA CW protons and deuterons • Neutron based radiography, tomography and diffractometry • I. Sabo-Napadenskyet al. JINST (2012) • Radiopharmaceutical research and development • I. Silverman et al. AccApp (2013), R. Sasson et. al. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (2010) • Neutron induced radiation damage on small samples and low statistic Thermal neutron source 9Be(d,xn) Replacement of the Soreq 5MW research reactor d beam H. Hirshfeld et al. Soreq NRC #3793 (2005), NIM A (2006) 14

  15. Nuclear physics groups @ Phase-I

  16. SARAF Phase II - Subsequent Upgrades • 20 MeV/u sub-mA CW a • b-NMR and more (e.g., COLTRIM, Reaction Microscope) • Thin 238U target + gas extraction + ECR + MR-TOF (IGISOL) • Liquid D2O target for quasi-mono-energetic fast neutrons • Cold and ultra-cold neutrons • ~3 MV post accelerator + gas (He) target • A compact 4p n detector for distinct-spectra of n andanti-n • Acceleration of heavier ions, to higher MeV/u ~109 fission fragments / sec >300 n events / sec

  17. Beam 2500 mm Designed and built by RI/Accel SARAF Phase-I 176 MHz linac LEBT RFQ PSM EIS 7 m 6 HWR b=0.09, 0.85 MV, 60 Hz/mbar3 Solenoids 6T, separated vacuumprotons 4 MeV, deuterons 5 MeV M. Pekeler, LINAC 2006 4-rod, 250 kW, 4 m, 1.5 MeV/uP. Fischer et al., EPAC06

  18. SARAF phase-I linac – upstream view A. Nagler, Linac2006K. Dunkel, PAC 2007 C. Piel, PAC 2007 C. Piel, EPAC 2008 A. Nagler, Linac 2008J. Rodnizki, EPAC 2008J. Rodnizki, HB 2008 I. Mardor, PAC 2009A. Perry, SRF 2009 I. Mardor, SRF 2009L. Weissman, DIPAC 2009L. Weissman, Linac2010J. Rodnizki, Linac 2010D. Berkovits, Linac 2012L. Weissman, RuPAC 2012

  19. SARAF Phase-I linac status Difficulties and challenges at high energy are caused by instabilities and space charge effects at the low energy front end A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step (Laozi 604 bc - 531 bc) • SARAF Phase-I is the first to demonstrate: • 2 mA CW variable energy protons beam • Acceleration of ions through HWR SC cavities • 1.5 mA CW proton irradiation of a liquid lithium jet target for neutron production

  20. Baseline scheme with extended capabilities • 2 injection lines for H,D, He and A/q=2 ions • SARAF scheme up to 60 MeV/q • IPNO scheme from 60 to 140 MeV/q • CEA scheme from 140 to 1000 MeV/q • cw beam splitting at 1 GeV • Total length of the linac: ~240 m 4 MW H- B stripper Elliptical 704 MHz 1 GeV/q RFQ 176 MHz HWR 176 MHz 3-SPOKE 352 MHz H- 100 kW H+, 3He2+ =0.09 =0.15 =0.3 =0.47 =0.65 =0.78 H+,D+, 3He++ 1.5 MeV/u foil stripper 60 MeV/q 140 MeV/q >200 MeV/q D, A/q=2 10 36 31 63 97 Proceedings of LINAC08, Victoria, BC, Canada 20

  21. SARAF accelerator technology knowledge involvement in European large facilities EURISOL DS – FP7 SPIRAL2PP – FP7 b-beam and more

  22. SARAF Summary SARAF requires a new type of an accelerator SARAF Phase-I is in routine operation with mA CW proton beams Targets for high-intensity low-energy beams are under development and operation Experiments at nuclear astrophysics and nuclear medicine are ongoing Local SARAF Phase-I team: 7 PhD researchers at accelerator and targets development, 6 PhD students in nuclear physics and technologies and similar numbers at the users side in the universities, NDT community and radiopharmaceuticals laboratory

  23. Physical mechanism for high-gradient breakdown YinonAshkenazy, Michael Assaf, Inna Popov, Sharon Adar Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Walter Wuench group, CLIC, CERN

  24. Modeling origins of high gradient breakdown • HG breakdown has a deterministic role in LINAC design. Recently it was suggested that mechanical stress leads to the creation of “surface emitters” but the mechanism leading to their formation is remains unknownthus, the search for improved LINAC cavity material is empirical. • We employ stochastic model to analyze the physical origins of breakdown. Using this method we are able to reproduce experimentally observed accelerating field dependence Simulated pre breakdown signal variation BD probabilityanalytical and simulations results Experimental exp = 1.6 Accelerating gradient (in nomralized units)

  25. Modeling origins of high gradient breakdown • Experimental results from dedicatedmeasurements in CLIC (DC and RF systems) are analyzed and compared to the model. • A new system is being designed that has the potential to generate identify unique pre-breakdown signal. • Microscopy shows indications of pre-breakdown surface “buildup” and formation of “surface emitters” Large scale image of pre-breakdown region Zoom in: surface emitter formation Sample produced in cern using the CLIC DC test system by I. Profatilova

  26. END

  27. Production of radiopharmaceutical isotopes HermanneNucl. Data (2007) • Today, most radiopharmaceutical isotopes are produced by protons • Deuterons • Production of neutron-rich isotopes via the (d,p) reaction (equivalent to the (n,g) reaction) • Typically, the (d,2n) cross section is significantly larger than the (p,n) reaction, for A>~100 I. Silverman et al. NIM B (2007)

  28. SARAF Phase-II currently preferred options [1] A. Dahanet al., Center of Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals – proposal, November 2011, submitted to TELEM[2] Irradiation target: I. Silverman et al. AccApp2011, Medicine: R. Sasson, E. Lavie.; et. al. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2010, 753[3] A.Hermanne, S.Takacs, M. Goldberg, E.Lavie, Yu.N.Shubin and S.Kovalev, NIM B 2006

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