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Study guide…

Study guide…. How many chromosomes do body and sex cells each have? Understand the anatomy of both the male and female reproductive pathway. What are the 3 parts of a sperm? How do hormones play a role in the male? Explain the ovarian and uterine cycles.

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Study guide…

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  1. Study guide… • How many chromosomes do body and sex cells each have? • Understand the anatomy of both the male and female reproductive pathway. • What are the 3 parts of a sperm? • How do hormones play a role in the male? • Explain the ovarian and uterine cycles. • Where do fertilization and implantation occur? • What is infertility? What can cause this?

  2. DNA in body and sex cells • Body cells: • Each body cell has ____chromosomes within the nucleus • Cells that have pairs of chromosomes are called ________ (2N) • Sex cells: • Gametes (egg and sperm) have only ___ chromosomes in their nuclei • Cells that have only 1 of each pair of chromosomes are called __________ (N) • During fertilization a sperm and egg combine to form a ________.

  3. Mitosis and meiosis • Which one makes an exact copy of itself? • Which one occurs in body cells? Sex cells? • How do the chromosomes compare in the cells that result from meiosis? • Why does mitosis occur? • What is crossing over?

  4. Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes • Scrotum: • Sacs that hold the testes • Help regulate the temperature of the testes • Testes: • Seminiferous tubules-sperm • Hormone production • Epididymis: • Maturation of sperm

  5. Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes Lab manual –pg. 209

  6. Sperm anatomy • 3 parts: • Head: acrosome & enzymes • Middle piece: • Flagella:

  7. Male anatomy: Vas deferens and urethra • Vas deferens • Transports sperm to the urethra • Urethra • Transports sperm (& urine) out of the body

  8. Male anatomy • Scrotum • Testes • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Urethra • 3 glands • Penis

  9. Male anatomy: 3 glands that contribute to semen • Seminal vesicles – sugary and alkaline • Prostate gland – alkaline • Bulbourethral glands –mucus and alkaline

  10. Male anatomy: Penis • Glans penis: • Sensitive tip of the penis • Circumcision • Erectile dysfunction

  11. Hormonal regulation in males • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – secreted by the _______________ to control release of other hormones • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – secreted by the __________ to promote the production of sperm • Luteinizing hormone (LH) – secreted by the __________ to control the production of testosterone • Testosterone – important for normal development and functioning of the male reproductive organs

  12. Hormonal regulation in males How would increased testosterone affect this pathway?

  13. Female anatomy • Genital tract: • Ovaries • Oviducts • Uterus • Cervix • Vagina • External genitals (vulva): • Labia major • Labia minor • Mons pubis • Clitoris

  14. Female anatomy: Genital tract • Ovaries – produce eggs and sex hormones • Oviducts – moves eggs and normal site of fertilization • Uterus – normal site of implantation and fetal development • Cervix – opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth • Vagina – birth canal

  15. Female anatomy: Genital tract

  16. The ovarian cycle: The ovary • Contains many follicles each containing an immature egg (oocyte) • At birth a female has ~300,000-400,000 follicles • How many of these will mature? • When will these mature? • Ovulation is the monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary when a follicle ruptures

  17. Anatomy of the ovary

  18. The uterine cycle The ovarian cycle • Follicular phase: • FSH • Estrogen • Luteal phase: • LH • Progesterone • If pregnancy does not occur menstruation begins • Menstruation • Proliferation • Ovulation • Secretion

  19. Hormones in the ovarian and uterine phase

  20. Fertilization and Pregnancy • Fertilization – union of a sperm and egg nucleus normally in the oviduct to form a zygote • Pregnancy – beginswith implantation usually ~6 days after fertilization

  21. Birth control methods • Hormonal-oral, depoprovera, patch, ring • Barriers-condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap • Spermicides • Withdrawal • Natural birth control (rhythm) • IUD • Emergency contraception-Plan B • Surgery/Abortion pill

  22. What is infertility and what causes it? • This is the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse • A few causes: • Overweight females • Low sperm count • Blocked oviducts • Endometriosis

  23. What are your options if you are infertile? • Adoption – legal custody of a non-biological child • Assisted reproductive technologies: • Artificial insemination • In vitro fertilization (IVF) • Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) • Gestational carrier • Human cloning???

  24. Bioethical focus: Should cloning be used to treat infertility? • Pros? • Cons? What is the current legislation in Iowa?

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