Introduction to Computers & Management Information System

Introduction to Computers &Management Information System Lesson 1

Topics to cover • Charecteristics of a Computer • The Binary Story • Computer System Organisation • Memory • History & classification of Computers

Charecteristics of a Computer • Speed • Process voluminous data at amazing speed • Storage • Important feature of Computing technology is storing the data • Accuracy • Accurate always • Versatility • Can compute arithmetic, text & Logical operations too

Charecteristics of a Computer • Compactness • From big Machines to palmtop • Reliability • More reliable than the human brain • Repititiveness • Performs similar iterative task without loosing speed or accuracy • Diligence • Does not loose concentration or get fatigued

The Binary Story • BIT • BYTE • WORD 1 1 BIT 21 20 2 1 = 3 (3 )10 (11)2 Each symbol of 0 or 1 is known as a BIT

B I T • Binary Two-State-Operation • A number system using the base of 2 • Only 2 numeric symbols - 0 & 1 • Conversion of Decimal to Binary & Binary to decimal

Conversion • Decimal to Binary • 15 = 2 15 - 1 L S D = 2 7 - 1 = 2 3 - 1 = 2 1 - 1 M S D = 1 1 1 1 • Binary to Decimal • 1 1 1 1 = 23 22 21 20 8 +4 + 2 + 1 = 15

BYTE • The alphabets or numbers are represented with 8 bits or 16 bits or 32 bits and so on • A group of BITs used to represent an alphabet or a numeral or a character is called a BYTE • Ex in an 8 bit machine 1 alphabet or numeral is represented using 8 BITS • Here 1 BYTE = 8 BITS

WORD • No. of bits needed by a computer memory to store one unit of information is called a WORD. • 1 byte = 8 bits 1 kilobyte(KB) = 1024 bytes 1 Megabyte(MB) = 1024 KB 1 Gegabyte (GB) = 1024 MB

Control Unit Main Memory Input Arithmetic&Logic Unit Output The C P U Auxiliary & Backup Store Store Storage Device Retrive Display Output Central Processing Unit ( C P U )

Memory • ROM • Masked ROM • PROM - Programmable Read only Memory • EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read only Memory • UVEPROM - Ultra Violet Erasable Programmable Read only Memory • EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory

Main Memory Supervisory Memory Read Only Memory (R O M ) Control Unit BIOS Main Memory Appln Prgm Exec Prgm O/S User memory Arithmetic&Logic Unit Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write

R O M 1. Masked ROM 2. P R O M 3. E P R O M 4. E E P R O M (R O M ) BIOS Supervisory Memory Control Unit Main Memory Appln Prgm Exec Prgm O/S Random Access Memory Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write Arithmetic & Logic Unit User memory D A T A

4 Type of R O M • Masked R O M – • A bit pattern is permanently recorded. • Specialised Manufacturing Process. • Very Expensive • P R O M - Programmable Read Only Memory • Can be programmed by User • Using PROM Prgm can burn the fuses according to the bit pattern - “Burning the PROM” • E P R O M – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. • Info stored is Semi-Permanent. • Can be erased by exposing the memory to Ultra Violet Rays. • Can be programmed again • Most commonly used

E E P R O M – Electricity Erasable - Programmable Read Only Memory • Similar to EPROM • Info can be altered using electrical signals • Manufacturing process is quite complex • Not commonly Used • Very Expensive E A P R O M - Electricity Alterable - Programmable Read Only Memory

RAM - Random Access Memory • DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory ( uses capacitors) Disadvantage - discharges slowly ie memory requires refreshing • SRAM - Static Random Access Memory uses Flip-Flop Registers Faster & Cheaper so widely used

Types of Computer • Analog - Solves Problem by operating on contineous Variables. • Digital - performs arithmetic, logical & comparative functions on info in digital form • Combines features of Analog & Digital Analog Digital Hybrid

Introduction to Computers & Management Information System