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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. World War II. Hitler’s Rise. April 10: Hindenburg is re-elected President by a small margin over Hitler. June: An international conference effectively ends German reparations obligations

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 World War II

  2. Hitler’s Rise • April 10: Hindenburg is re-elected President by a small margin over Hitler. • June: An international conference effectively ends German reparations obligations • July 31: National elections, called by Chancellor to strengthen his position in the Reichstag, results in doubled Nazi representations.

  3. Hitler’s Rise • Jan. 30: Hitler becomes Chancellor • Feb. 27: Fire partly destroys the Reichstag building. The government increases persecution of the opposition parties. • March 5: In national elections the NSDAP wins 44% • 1934: Hitler becomes president in an 88% vote

  4. Union with Austria • “Anschluss” • 90% of Austrians were German speaking • Austria would welcome German aid due to economic downturn • 1934—Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss rejects Nazi overtures, assassinated by Nazis July 1934 • Italy sends 100,000 troops to Austrian border to defend Austria, Hitler retreats • Rome Berlin axis of 1936

  5. Union with Austria

  6. Union with Austria • 1938: Hitler and Mussolini in agreement • Nazis bomb public buildings in Vienna to stir up fears • March 8: Chancellor Schuschnigg forced to resign by Nazis, replaced by Nazi sympathizer Seyss-Inquart • March 11: • Germany marches into Austria • Orders troops to retreat

  7. The Policy of Appeasement • Sudetenland Crisis—Reasons for Takeover • To prevent war on two fronts (Russia) • Resources • Possible Russian attack through Sudetenland • Hatred of Slavs

  8. The Policy of Appeasement • Hitler instructs Sudetenland leader Henlein to demand separation from Czechoslovakia • Stages protests and riots • Munich, September 27 1938—Chamberlain, Hitler, Mussolini, and Daladier of France (Czechoslovakia and Russia not invited) • “How horrible is it that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel far away between people we do not know.”

  9. The Policy of Appeasement • March 23: Hitler takes Memel from Lithuania • Appeasement is no longer viable • August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact • September 1: Poland

  10. Wartime Europe

  11. World War II • Blitzkrieg—Maginot Line • 1930’s—Switzerland to Belgium • Phony War / Sitzkrieg • British secure in the safety of the Maginot Line—war of trenches—WWI

  12. World War II • Norway, April 1940—iron ore, naval bases • May 1940—Chamberlain resigns • May-June—Belgium and Holland • Dutch open their canals, but the Germans drop soldiers behind the lines • Holland surrenders in 5 days

  13. World War II: Key Battles

  14. World War II • Dunkirk: 380,000 British troops, “Miracle of Dunkirk”—340,000 rescued • Battle of Britain: July-September 1940 • Operation Sea Lion—the need to secure the air before launching a sea attack • Britain lost 857 planes, Germany lost twice as many • September 7: Operation Barbarossa • 3 million Germans attack the Russian border • January 31, 1943: 200,000 German troops surrender at Stalingrad, General Von Paulus of Germany ignores Hitler’s orders to fight to the last man

  15. World War II • June 1943: 3,000 German tanks attack Kursk—lose 2,000 tanks and 70,000 men • August 1942: Dieppe—no air cover, and limited naval support • June 6, 1944: Deliverance Day, Operation Overlord • Canadians live in a fireproof house, far from inflammable materials • A vast ocean separates us from Europe—Senator Raoul Dundurand

  16. World War II • Isolationism and a policy of appeasement • Mackenzie King—overrides the Canadian ambassadors attempt to include oil in the Italian embargo. Claims to have saved Europe from war. • Creates a Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion in answer to the Spanish civil war. Many communists and CCF members join. • 1600 volunteers in total, and one half killed • War declared on Sept 1, 1939, but Mackenzie waits one week—September 10.

  17. On the Battlefield • Hong Kong 1941: a symbolic defense by Britain. 1900 Canadian troops are sent to defend Hong Kong from the Japanese. • December 18: Canadian, Indian and British troops are swarmed. Sergeant-Major John Osbourn dives on a live grenade, and Brigadier John Lawson runs at the Japanese to allow his troops to escape. • December 25: the surrender of Hong Kong begins the Japanese brutalities

  18. Dieppe • Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Chief of Combined Operations Lord Mountbatten—Operation Jubilee • Poor reconnaissance, inaccurate field reports and no attempt at early shelling. • August 19, 1942: 6000 troops including 5000 new Canadians • Incorrect landing sites, an attack in broad daylight, and tanks breaking down on rocky shore lines • Battle plans over 100 pages in length

  19. Dieppe • Royal regiment of Canada—secure a beachhead, eliminate coastal defenses, cross a 12 foot sea wall and rows of barbed wire, scale a 200 foot cliff, and take out heavy machine guns and coastal batteries in under 30 minutes. • 3,300 casualties including 900 dead. Dead bodies floating onto shore for days • 1900 Canadian soldiers were sent to prison camps. Germans found memos ordering the Canadians to bind the hands of the German captives so that they could not destroy information or battle plans—Canadian soldiers had their hands manacled for a year in retaliation. • Deliberate incompetence?

  20. Ortona • July 1943: A Canadian infantry and tank division begin the march up Italy • Sea side village of Ortona—two German divisions in a naturally defended city • Montgomery personally visits to demand success • Mouseholing • 502 dead and 1,837 casualties one morning, the Germans simply left

  21. Operation Overlord

  22. Operation Overlord • June 6, 1944: 107,000 men attack French soil, including 14,000 Canadians with 110 Canadian warships • In total, more than one million Canadians fought in World War Two, and 45,000 gave their lives. 55,000 were wounded.

  23. The Homefront • C.D. Howe—Minister of Everything (Minister of Munitions and Supply) • British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. 131,500 airmen trained in Canadian skies • Battle of the Atlantic: Canadian fleet grows from 13 to 373 ships. 1200 Canadians died during the battle of the Atlantic • Malta and George “Buzz” Beurling: 31 kills and among Britain’s’ top ten aces

  24. The Homefront • Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription—1942 a plebiscite is held on whether Canadians should release the government from its’ promise • Quebec votes 73% against conscription and the rest of Canada votes 80% in favour. • King decides to draft the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) volunteers—those that had volunteered for home services (Zombies) • Quebec is satisfied that King tried to keep his promise, and few Zombies are ever harmed in the promise. 100,000 are called up, but over half desert. 13,000 are actually sent overseas, and 2,500 actually make it to the battlefield. 69 are killed in action.

  25. The Holocaust • Immigration numbers during 1933-45 • Britain: 195,000 • USA: 200,000 • Argentina: 50,000 • Brazil: 25,000 • Canada: 4,850 • “…to keep this part of the continent free from unrest and from too great an inter-mixture of foreign strains of blood.”—King • Abbe Groulx denounces Jews as a “race that refused to be assimilated.” • Adrien Aucoin (fascist leader) demands that quotas be restricted even more • McGill instills quotas in university…

  26. Japanese Canadians • B.C Asiatic Exclusion League— “Stand for White Canada” • Ian Mackenzie, Minister of Pensions and Health: “Let our slogan be for British Columbia: ‘No Japs from the Rockies to the sea!’” • All Japanese who refused to leave would be imprisoned • Sept. 1942: 22,000 (75% were Canadian citizens) had been moved inland as well as 660 Germans and 480 Italians • Loyalty commissions were held at the end of the war to determine who to let back in—in the end, over 4000 Japanese were hounded out of Canada—1/3 were children who did not speak Japanese • NOTE: Canada’s action contravened the new United Nations Declaration of Human Rights

  27. Japanese Canadians • Deportations based on racial grounds were actually declared as crimes against humanity • King writes in his diary after the atomic bomb was dropped that he was glad this happened to the yellow people, and not the decent white people • Government studies show that the Japanese lost at a minimum $443 million in property. • 1988 government awards an apology, full pardon to all those wrongly convicted, as well as $21,000 compensation • 1990—Canada apologizes to all Italians who were imprisoned, but no compensation

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