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MET and NAV review. FINAL EXAM for sure study areas. PGF vs coriolis Virga, subsidence, isotach, isotherm, isobar, VDF Surface analysis vs prognostic chart Temperature effect on altimeter Stability - rising air and/or air masses Frontal weather, GFA validity, wind limits
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FINAL EXAM for sure study areas • PGF vs coriolis • Virga, subsidence, isotach, isotherm, isobar, VDF • Surface analysis vs prognostic chart • Temperature effect on altimeter • Stability - rising air and/or air masses • Frontal weather, GFA validity, wind limits • Light & variable, freezing level • Vacuum driven heading indicator for navigation • Rhumb line, great circle, small circle, agonic line, deviation vs. variation • Compass errors – northerly turning, ANDS, quadrantal
FINAL EXAM for sure study areas • Control zones, VFR minima, airspace classification, low level airspace, cruising altitudes, special VFR, transponder airspace • CDI, VOT check, VOR accuracy limits, ADF errors VOR and ADF orientation and use, ADF tuning • One VFR cross country – planning log, flight plan, Vnc chart completion, drift lines • Time zone adjustments, CFS use for planning, VHF frequencies, reserves, safety heights • ETA’s, Heading corrections, wind determination, revised ETA • Enroute GFA, TAF and METAR interpretation, PIREP interpretation, AIRMET interpretation
One in Sixty Rule • 1:60 is the same as 1 degree
TEMPERATURE • The atmosphere is heated from below. • Temperature increase decreases density. • Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air becomes warmed by the ground as it moves over it • Convection: sun heats ground, ground heats the air, warmer and less dense pockets rise • Turbulence: vertical movement of air due to winds and convection • Compression: air sinks, compresses and heats (Chinooks, high pressure areas)
Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air can be warmed by the ground as it moves over it
Air Masses of North America • Continental Arctic: Ca • not in summer; low water content; warmed from below enroute, strong winds produce turbulence; heap clouds and snow showers; rarely in B.C. except as a cold-air invasion • (Continental Polar: Cp) • Maritime Arctic: Ma • starts as Ca that spends some time over the northern Pacific ocean; moist and unstable at high altitudes; stratocumulus and cumulus; pe/sn/-shra; in summer: northern lakes affect the air mass • Maritime Polar: Mp • more time spent over Pacific ocean; warmer in lower levels; more stable than Ma; orographic lifting makes rain west of mountains (Rockies) and dry air east of mountains; Summer: Tsra/Cb • Maritime Tropical: Mt • very warm and moist; Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean & south of 30°N; Winter: rarely at the surface N of Great lakes, but present at high altitudes; unstable when subject to Frontal lift; gives sn/ra/zr/icing and turbulence; FOG (east coast); Summer: shra/tsra
Cumulus Stage: • Cloud driven upward by the latent heat as water vapour condenses • Strong updrafts prevail throughout. • Temperatures in cell are higher than outside temperature at the same level. • No precipitation while water and ice are suspended. • Mature Stage: • Heights may reach 60,000 feet • Updrafts up to 6,000 ft/min • As the water droplets grow large enough to fall, they drag air down with them. • Downdraft starts in the middle region of the cloud. • 15-20 minutes in duration; lightning, microburst, hail, wind shear. • Appearance of precipitation on the ground. • Dissipation stage: • downdraft spreads throughout the cell (except top) • gradual cessation of rainfall and the passing rain cools the lower regions • Anvil shape
WEATHER TERMINOLOGY • SKY CONDITION • Clear: 0/8 • Few: 1/8 to 2/8 • Scattered: 3/8 to 4/8 • Broken: 5/8 to 7/8 • Overcast: 8/8 • IFR: less than 1000 ft &/or 3 miles • MVFR: 1000-3000 ft &/or 3-5 miles • VFR: greater than 3000 ft & better than 5
ACTUAL LAPSE RATE • METAR CYKZ 251100Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095 • FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 6000 -13 650 -08 Lapse may be roughly 1o/1,000 ft 4000 cloud base -13 650 -08 Lapse roughly 1.5o/1,000 ft Note that the lowest layer of cloud is SC (cumulus) and likely formed from convection. Consider that any rising pockets had a dew point of -13 and therefore reached dew point and formed cloud at 4,000, before they got to the 6,000 foot altitude where temperature is actually measured
GFA • Issued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730Z • Covers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlook • Country covered with 7 GFA areas • Heights are feet above sea level • Section 3 of MET in AIP • Minimum of 5k to have speed be indicated • CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicated • Winds less than 20 k usually not shown • Amended GFA shows CCA, etc. in title box
FOG • Fog is cloud (usually stratus) that is in contact with the ground. • forms in relatively stable air where the temperature to dew point spread is small, wind may be present • requires condensation nuclei • Usually needs a cooling process • Types of Fog: Radiation Advection Upslope Steam Frontal Ice
Radiation Fog: clear night, light wind, high humidity, often a high pressure area.
Advection Fog: warm moist air moving over colder land, horizontal movement, warm fronts/oceans, sometimes strong winds (+25kts)
Ice Fog: Byproduct of fuel burn in engine is water (as vapour)… added to cold crisp air. (sublimation: vapour to ice)
Frontal Fog: vapour addition raises the dew point of the air mass under a warm front
CYOO FLIGHT PLANNING LOG GOLF ME 11 FEB 71 :50 5.1 :30 2.2 71 1:20 7.3
LOW LEVEL AIRWAYS From 2,200’ AGL up to but not including 18,000’ ASL
Practice Problem D Track = 189º Ground Speed = 122 kt Heading = 196º TAS = 106 kt Wind Direction = 332º Wind speed = 20 kt 106 kt 106 kt 122 kt
PQ 1 Obstacles, Arcal, ATF & Peripheral frequency
FDs – Interpolation FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000 YAM 0117 3613-19 9900-21 9900-26 2408-35 YOW 0720 0814-13 1109-12 1614-15 1934-22 YQG 3309 3109-14 2707-16 2313-20 2232-28 YVV 0606 0305-15 9900-17 2016-20 2039-28 YYB 1825 2034-16 2055-17 2073-20 7013-28 YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 1927-25
CYGK FLIGHT PLANNING LOG GULP ME 22 MAR 01 76 :56 7.8 :30 2.2 76 1:26 10.0
ADF LIMITATIONS • TWILIGHT EFFECT • JUST BEFORE/AFTER SUNSET/SUNRISE - fly high • GREATER AT GREAT DISTANCE – use less than 350 khz • TERRAIN or MOUNTAIN EFFECT • SHORELINE – signals crossing at less than 30o • ELECTRICAL STORMS • BANK ERROR – ALL TURNS • LOOP ANTENNAE ROTATES TO SENSE DIRECTION OF INCOMING SIGNAL AND IS MOUNTED PARALLEL TO NORMAL AXIS
SOME RULES • WHEN INTERCEPTING A TRACK TO OR FROM A STATION, BEARING INDICATOR ALWAYS AWAY FROM 0 OR TOWARDS 180 2. WHEN TURNING, IF HEADING INDICATOR INCREASES, THEN ADF BEARING INDICATOR (VALUE) DECREASES HI LESS, ADF MORE • WHEN TRACKING, NEEDLE RIGHT? YES, THEN WIND IS FROM THE RIGHT SO TURN RIGHT, ETC. • MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING = MAGNETIC BEARING TO THE STATION MH + RB = MB TO THE STATION MH = MB – RB RB = MB - MH