Period 6 Loc, Stephanie, Karina, Atticus, Anthony, Elisa

1. Period 6 Loc, Stephanie, Karina, Atticus, Anthony, Elisa The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

2. Japan: The Imperial Age • Taika Reforms • Started by emperor Tenchi • Reforms aimed at completely revamping the imperial administration along Chinese lines • Japanese court scholars struggled to master Chinese and wrote dynastic histories modeled after the ones in China. • Combined court etiquette protocols and tried to understand culture and religion

3. Crisis at Nara and the Shift to Heian (Kyoto) • The main goal of the Taika reforms was to remake the Japanese emperor into a completely Chinese style Emperor • Another part of the Taika reforms was the goals to create a professional bureaucracy and a peasant conscript army • Taika reforms ended by the first emperor of the Heian • Capital city moved to Heian from Nara  • Social mobility allowed in rank system which was taken from China but China did not allow the same amount of social mobility 

4. Ultracivilized: Court Life in the Heian • Court life in the Heian was a closed one of extreme luxury • Aristocrats had to follow a strict code of behavior and were constantly scrutinized by peers and those in the higher ranks. • The court lived in palaces and Gardens. • Verse was most important art The Tale of Genji was an example of the courts outpouring of poetic and literary works.  • The Tale of Genji was a novel written by Lady Murasaki and it describes the character Genji's life in the Heian court

5. The Decline of Imperial Power • Fujiwara was a family name, which was a great honor to be given • The Fujiwara dominated the court for three and a half centuries • Packed the top aristocracy with family • Had the power and ruled Japan through indirect rule • Built huge estates around the capital • Whittled down imperial control and built up their own

7. The Rise of the Provincial Warrior Elites • The aristocratic land lords controlled tracks of land • These aristocrats step up military governments or Bushi • These states were able to recruit samurai to build small armies and fight their enemies • These landlords supported these armies with taxes from the local peasantry

8. Warfare consisted of the performance of the warrior champions in battles • They used longbows and practiced horse back archery with strait swords. • Fought under their lords and terrorized opposing peasantry • Practiced discipline and focus

9. The Era of Warrior Dominance • As the power of the Fujiwara declined the two main aristocratic families were the Taria and the Minamoto • The Taria overthrew the emperor and established a Bakufu or military government • The Minamoto who were allied with the emperor then fought them for control in the Gempi wars during which the influence of China diminished heavily and Buddhism was manipulated to fit the whims of the aristocracy

10. The rural nobles sided with Minamoto who eventually defeated the Taria. • The emperor then gave them the title of shogun • Imperial rule was restored but then the power remained with the Minamoto. • The Hojo who were allied with the Minamoto soon controlled them

11. The Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance and the Age of the Warlords • Soon Chinese influence became irrelevant to the Japanese • Minamoto Yoritomo the ruler of the Minamoto was concerned with being assassinated. • In the 14th century Ashikaga Takuaji

12. Toward Barbarism? Military Division and Social Change • Bushi era deteriorated in 15th and 16th centuries • Growing misery among common people • Economic and cultural growth • Regular tax collection • Strong rural communities • New tools, techniques, and crops • New and wealthy commercial class emerged • Women • Commerce and handicraft = higher status • Warrior class = lower status • Lost roles in religion and theater

13. Artistic Solace for a Troubled Age • Zen Buddhism- critical role for maintaining arts • Zen monasteries- key points of renewed contacts with China • Led to revival of Chinese influence in Japan • Art imitated early Chinese work • Screen and scroll paintings • Architectural work • Blend in nature • Tea ceremonies

15. Korea: Between China and Japan • Chinese influenced Korea the most because of location, however Korea developed own culture • Descended from hunting and herding peoples of eastern Siberia and Manchuria • 4th century- Korean peninsula started sedentary farming and metalworking • Earliest kingdom Choson conquered by the Han emperor Wudi • Colonized by Chinese settlers

16. Koguryo resisted Chinese rule, led to independent state • Koguryo at war with rival states Silla and Paekche • Sinification- the extensive adoption of Chinese culture • After fall of Han • Buddhism key • Chinese writing introduced • Unified law code

18. Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea • Warfare between three Korean kingdoms weakened them • Tang dynasty took Korea • Allied with Silla to defeat Paekche and Koguryo • Quarrels between Chinese and Silla • Chinese made deal and withdrew armies • Koreans maintain independence until 20th century

19. Sinification: The Tributary Link • Koryo Dynasty followed Silla monarchs • Silla under Tang influence and participated in China’s tribute system • Korean scholars observed Chinese culture • System kept China from trying to conquer neighboring countries • Acknowledged superiority of Son of Heaven by kowtow (ritual bows) • System became major channel of trade and intercultural exchange

20. The Sinification of Korean Elite Culture • Silla rulers rebuilt the capital at Kumsong. • Much of Korean population was elite • Most positions in government were decided by birth and family connections • Buddhism favored over Confucianism • Many inventions and art introduced by Chinese were emulated

21. Civilization for the Few • Aristocratic families were divided into ranks that never intermarried nor socialized with others • Trade devoted to pleasures of aristocrats • Exported raw materials in return • Social classes: • Royal family and aristocrats • Government functionaries • Commoners • Near-slaves

22. Koryo Collapse, Dynastic Renewal • The lower class started uprisings • Weakened the Silla and Koryo and contributed to the fall of both • The aristocrats survived declines and put one of their own on the throne • Mongols invaded in 1231 • The Yi Dynasty was establish a century later • Restored aristocratic dominance and links to China • Hangul

23. Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of Vietnam • Nam Viet, “people of the south” • Initial raids by Qin- little lasting Chinese presence • Gave boost to lively trade • Viet rulers defeat feudal lords who control Red River valley and bring their lands under control • Viets intermarried and blended with other ethnic groups, Khmers and Tais • Suggests culture had many features characteristic of southeast Asia • Dress, cockfight, betel nut, blackened teeth

25. Conquest and Sinification • By 111 B.C.E., Han begins to conquer Viets • Introduce elements of their own culture • Cropping, irrigation • Vietnamese elite drawn into bureaucratic machine Han emperors and the shi had developed • Chinese schools, exams • Political and military organization • Viets adopted extended family model

26. Roots of Resistance • Vietnamese lords chafed under Chinese rule • In Vietnamese writings, self-doubt and mockery turn into rage and fierce determination to resist Chinese dominance, whatever the cost • Most famous peasant uprisings was led in 39 C.E. by Trung sisters • Points to importance of more favored position of women in Vietnamese society • Vietnamese women hostile to Confucian codes and family system • Would have confined them to the household and subjected them to male authority figures

27. Winning Independence and Continuing Chinese Influences Early Independence Vietnam already autonomous in early 10th cent 938, Southern Han send soldiers to re-conquer - Defeated by Ngo Quyen, who later became king Ngo Quyen’s death result in power struggle - 12 Lord’s Rebellion (945-967) Le and Ly Dynasties 980-1225

28. The Vietnamese Drive to the South Trân Dynasty Court politics allow Tran Tho Do to take power Purge all members of Ly family. Defeat 3 successive Mongol invasions of Yuan. Fought many wars against Cham, did not conquer Society Similar to small version of Chinese government Literacy remained elitist Rise of Chữ Nôm

29. Brief Overview of Vietnamese Language Han tu Classical Chinese Used for writing initially, until 13th century Used for things concerning government Chu Nom Writing system derived from Chinese writing system Used to write native Vietnamese language Made use of both Chinese characters and invented characters Use limited to poetry, literature, practical texts All official documents written in classical Chinese except during the Ho and Tay Son Dynasties

31. Expansion and Division Le Dynasty Ho Dynasty overthrow Tran 1407 Ming China overthrow Ho, take control Lê win back independence Lê expand southward, conquer Champa Trinh-Nguyen Trinh and Nguyen noble families Wars Nguyen take control of south, Trinh North Continue fighting until Tay Son Rebellion After Tay Son rebellion, Nguyen become last dynasty

33. Citations • Bolt, Ernest, and Amanda Garett. "PRE-COLONIAL VIETNAM." University of Richmond.1999. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. <https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/PrecolonialVietnam.html>. • Buhot, Jean. Chinese and Japanese Art. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967. • "History of Vietnam - Lonely Planet Travel Information." Lonely Planet Travel Guides andTravel Information. BBC Worldwide. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/vietnam/history>. • Lee, Sun-Ah K. "A New Vision of Korean Dance Through a Comparative Study of Korean Dance and Modern Dance History." Diss. University of New Mexico, 2010. 22. Web. <http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/12090/Sun- Ah Kim Lee MFADissertation.pdf?sequence=1>.

34. Long, Thi. Nhá Nguyễn: Chín Chúa Mười Ba Vua. TP. Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà Xuất Đà Nẵng,2001. • Nash, Amy K. North Korea. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. • Nguyen, Tony. "A GLIMPSE OF VIETNAM'S HISTORY." Vietnamese Culture and History.Tony Nguyen. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. <http://www.vietspring.org/history/glimpse.html>. • Peterson, Mark and Phillip Margulies. A Brief History of Korea. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. • Schomp. Japan: In the Days of the Samurai. Tarry Town: Benchmark Books, 2002. • Shepheard, Patricia. South Korea. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. • Stearns, Peter N. et al. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007.

35. "Vietnam History." Vietnamese Culture and Tradition. Web. 8 Nov. 2011. <http://www.vietnam-culture.com/zones-25-1/Vietnam-History.aspx>. • "VN Embassy : Learn about Vietnam : History." Embassy of Vietnam in the United States. Web.7 Nov. 2011. <http://www.vietnamembassy.us/learn_about_vietnam/history/>. • Walker, Richard L. Ancient Japan: And It’s Influence In Modern Times.New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1975.