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Richard D. Woodsmith Mason D. Bryant Richard T. Edwards

DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING PROTOCOLS FOR AQUATIC HABITAT CONDITIONS ON THE TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST: A TLMP INFORMATION NEED. Richard D. Woodsmith Mason D. Bryant Richard T. Edwards. STUDY PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING PROTOCOLS FOR

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Richard D. Woodsmith Mason D. Bryant Richard T. Edwards

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  1. DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING PROTOCOLS FOR AQUATIC HABITAT CONDITIONS ON THE TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST:A TLMP INFORMATION NEED Richard D. Woodsmith Mason D. Bryant Richard T. Edwards

  2. STUDY PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING PROTOCOLS FOR AQUATIC HABITAT CONDITIONS ON THE TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST: A TLMP INFORMATION NEED R.D. WOODSMITH AND M.D. BRYANT U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2770 Sherwood Lane, Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801-8545, U.S.A. COOPERATORS: PNW RESEARCH: Richard Woodsmith, Mason Bryant KETCHIKAN AREA: Ted Geier, Ron Medel KETCHIKAN RANGER DISTRICT

  3. SAMPLE REACH LOCATIONS

  4. OBJECTIVE Develop, test, and refine application and analysis protocols for effectiveness monitoring of aquatic habitat in southeast Alaska • Select variables • Sensitive to disturbance • Objective and precise • Efficient • Field procedures • Channel condition • Salmonid densities • Analysis procedures • Channel condition change • Salmonid density response • Ecological responses • Future research

  5. APPLICATIONS OF EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING PROTOCOLS ISSUE: Managers of public lands require an efficient, repeatable, and defensible assessment of aquatic habitat condition for a number of applications: • Effectiveness monitoring -- determine the effectiveness of management standards and guidelines • Restoration needs • Restoration design and evaluation • Habitat risk assessment

  6. We take a cumulative effects approach by sampling floodplain-type, gravel-bed streams, generally low in the drainage network.

  7. We take advantage of southeastern Alaska’s abundance of pristine channel habitat, as a standard for comparison.

  8. Variation is large and effectiveness monitoring variables need to be sensitive, precise, and efficient.

  9. Bauer, S.B. and Ralph, S.C. 1999. EPA-910-R-99-014.

  10. You call this a pool??

  11. VARIABLE SELECTION Sensitive, Objective, and Precise: • Pool Spatial Density (Pools*Wbed /L) • Pool Depth (dr / dbf) • Bed Surface Grain Size (D50 /D50p) • Width:Depth Ratio (Wbed/dbf) • Relative Submergence (dbf /D50)

  12. PROTOCOL OUTLINE • Reach location randomly selected in stream of interest • Elevational surveys with level and rod • Longitudinal profile (20 channel widths) • Cross sections (every 5 channel widths) • Pool inventory and residual depth measurements • Grain size distribution (at every cross section) • Site characterization • LWD inventory • Photos and sketch of reach • Riparian stand density • Drainage area • Watershed condition (for interpretation) • % Drainage area harvested • Road density • Other land use • Geology, soils, climate, etc.

  13. TEMPORAL VARIABILITY

  14. MONITORING VARIABLE DISTRIBUTION Are there distinct channel conditions for different land use intensities?

  15. ANOVA RESULTS Bonferroni multiple contrasts of channel condition variables among P, M, and H; α = 0.10; power of the test is given in parentheses.

  16. Power as a Function of Sample Size One-way ANOVA for Log (Pools*W/L) 1.0 0.8 0.6 Power 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Number of Cases Per Cell f= 0.377; Levels= 3 (H, M, P); Alpha=.10; Tails=2

  17. TREND ANALYSIS

  18. POWER OF TREND ANALYSIS

  19. CONCLUDING REMARKS EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING DESIGN • Collaboration • Land managers • Resource specialists • Researchers • Statisticians • Definition of the specific question -- what are the objectives / contrasts • Effectiveness of current guidelines • Cumulative effects • Restoration priorities EXECUTION • Well trained personnel • Carefully designed protocols • Pool density • Pool depth • Width:depth ratio • Substrate grain size distribution • Relative submergence • Other variables as appropriate

  20. CONCLUDING REMARKS ANALYSIS • Contrast regional land use categories • Analyze trends • Feedback to execution (power analyses) INTERPRETATION • Watershed and landscape conditions • Watershed size • Geology and soils • Climate and vegetation • Geomorphic processes • Flood frequency regime • Mass movement • Disturbance history (background and land use) • Glaciation • Climatic extremes • Intense storms • Road building • Timber harvesting CONCLUSIONS • Relative magnitude of effects of broad categories of land use ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

  21. ANALYSIS OF SALMONID POPULATIONS OBJECTIVE • Determine the relationship between salmonid densities (number of fish/m2) and channel condition

  22. METHODS • 20 of 66 reaches sampled • Randomly selected habitat units used as "fish sampling units" (FSU) • FSU's saturated with traps for complete sampling • Population estimates through "removal method" (White et al., 1982; Bryant, 2000)

  23. ANALYSIS Salmonid densities as a function of channel condition were examined through a series of independent linear regressions for each species and variable

  24. RESULTS Salmonid Relationships are complex and variable • Habitat use • Full vs. partial recruitment • Dolly Varden, steelhead, and cutthroat trout found at low densities • Availability of refuge habitat (only main stems were sampled) • Limiting factors may differ seasonally • Summer drought • Fall floods • Winter temperatures • External factors • Fishing pressure • Predation • Ocean productivity

  25. SALMONID DENSITY AS A FUNCTION OF CHANNEL CONDITION

  26. SALMONID DENSITY AS A FUNCTION OF LARGE WOODY DEBRIS

  27. COHO AS AN INDICATOR SPECIES Fry and parr utilize small streams broadly distributed throughout the channel network Associated with specific seasonal habitats Important part of life cycle spent in freshwater

  28. FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES • Ecosystem approach • Understanding stream structures and processes that function to effectively support fish and other biota • Availability of food resources • Reach nutrient stocks • Nutrient cycling and retention • Allochthonous inputs • Primary production • Physical and chemical controls • Secondary production • Controlling variables • Magnitude and distribution • Ecosystem metabolism

  29. FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES • Wetland-stream interactions • Carbon and nutrient inputs • Effects on stream processes • What are the effects of channel structure on ecological processes controlling • Food abundance • Food quality • Productivity • Biological diversity

  30. FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES • Role of surface/subsurface interactions • Productivity • Stability • Diversity • Controls • Slope • Substrate texture • Channel planform and topography • LWD, boulders, obstructions • Sediment supply

  31. FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES RECOVERY FROM DISTURBANCE • How do background disturbances and management decisions influence these key processes?

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