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SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer

SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer. 21. Population and the Environment. 21. Population and the Environment. Demography: The Study of Population The Environment Social Policy and Population. Demography: The Study of Population. Fertility : level of reproduction in a society.

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SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer

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  1. SOCIOLOGYRichard T. Schaefer 21 Population and the Environment

  2. 21. Population and the Environment • Demography: The Study of Population • The Environment • Social Policy and Population

  3. Demography: The Study of Population • Fertility: level of reproduction in a society • Demography: scientific study of population Sociologists focus on the social factors that influence population rates and trends

  4. Demography: The Study of Population • Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response • Malthus: world’s population growing more rapidly than the available food supply • Marx: no special relationship between world population and the supply of resources Neo-Malthusian View stresses birth control and sensible use of resources

  5. Demography: The Study of Population • Studying Population Today • Census: enumeration, or counting of a population • Vital statistics: records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government

  6. Demography: The Study of Population • Elements of Demography • Birth rate: number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year • Total fertility rate: average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming she conforms to current fertility rates • Death rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

  7. Demography: The Study of Population • Elements of Demography • Infant mortality rate: number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year • Life expectancy: median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions • Growth rate: difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants

  8. Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-1. Live Expectancy in Selected Countries, 2004 Source: Haub 2004

  9. Demography: The Study of Population Table 21-1. Live Estimated Time for Each Successive Increase of 1 Billion People in World Population Source: Bureau of the Census 2005f

  10. Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-2. Live Demographic Transition

  11. Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-3. Population Pyramids for Afghanistan Source: Bureau of the Census

  12. Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-4. Where Americans Moved in the 1990s Source: Brewer and Suchan 2001:10

  13. The Environment • Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Functionalism and Human Ecology • Human Ecology: interrelationships between people and their environment • Environmental Problems: An Overview

  14. The Environment • Provides the resources essential for life • Serves as a waste repository • Houses our species • Three functions compete with one another • Functionalism and Human Ecology • Dunlap suggests the natural environment serves three basic functions for humans:

  15. The Environment • Polluting companies may relocate to countries with less stringent environmental standards • Industrialization that often accompanies globalization has increased pollution • Multinational Corporations have incentive to consider cost of natural resources • The Impact of Globalization:

  16. The Environment • Less affluent nations are being forced to exploit their mineral deposits, forests, and fisheries to meet debt obligations • Environmental Justice • Legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards • A Conflict View of Environmental Issues

  17. Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy • The Issue • World population growth threatens earth’s ability to sustain it • Social policies that address population growth touch on the most sensitive aspects of people’s lives • Reaching global consensus on population issues difficult

  18. Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy • The Setting • International concern about population growth began in 1950s • Planners devised programs aimed at encouraging family planning and limiting the number of children through contraception • In the U.S., anti-abortionists charged that public funds should not be used to support family planning clinics

  19. Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy • Sociological Insights • Functionalists note best course of action may differ between community and society • Feminist critics remark that population workers may ignore sociocultural influences • Conflict theorists question why industrialized nations are enthusiastic about controlling the population of developing countries

  20. Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy • Policy Initiatives • The Mexico City Policy: Bush administration requires health workers who receive U.S. government funding to refrain from discussing abortion with patients • Family planning still sparse in poverty-stricken rural areas the world over

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