Chapters 1 and 2

1. Chapters 1 and 2 Matter and Change Measurements and Calculations

2. Section 1-1 Chemistry is a Physical Science

3. Physical Science: The study of nonliving things. Biological Science The study of living things. What two categories were the natural sciences divided into?

4. These two divisions are no longer used. Why not? • In the early periods of scientific discovery, there was a belief called “vitalism”. • Vitalism was the belief that living things contained some vital material that nonliving things did not.

5. Friederich Wohler – 1800 - 1888 • This was first disproved by Friederich Wohler • Wohler synthesized the simple organic compound urea from inorganic substances. • This demonstrated that living things carry out chemical reactions that are similar to nonliving things, ending vitalism.

6. A Brief History of Chemistry • Ancient Greeks • 1600’s – The Alchemists • 1700’s – Antoine Lavoisier • 1800’s – Modern Period of Chemistry

7. Ancient Greeks • First chemical theories developed by Aristotle. • These theories remained unchanged from this time until the 1600’s.

8. 1600’s – The Alchemists • Attempted to discover the “philosopher’s stone”, which was a method to turn base metals into gold by a process called transmutation. • Their experiments failed, but they created many of the modern tools of chemistry.

9. Antoine Lavoisier : 1743-1794 • First to describe and define a combustion reaction. • Proposed the Law of Conservation of Matter. • Developed binomial nomenclature for naming substances. • Placed emphasis on careful and accurate measurements. • Known as “the Father of Modern Chemistry”.

10. Laviosier’s contributions to chemistry ended in 1794 during the French Revolution, when Laviosier, a former tax collector fell victim to the “Reign of Terror.”

11. Late 1800’s to Present • It was not until the late 1800’s that the theories of Aristotle began to be abandoned, and true chemistry began to evolve. • Almost all of our current chemical knowledge has been gained in the past 200 years of human history, making chemistry a relatively new science.

12. What is Chemistry? • Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the changes it undergoes. • It is divided into many different branches of study and research.

14. Analytical Chemistry • The identification of the composition of materials.

15. Biochemistry • The study of the chemistry of living things. • This branch developed from organic chemistry.

16. Inorganic Chemistry • The study of substances that do not contain carbon.

17. Organic Chemistry • The study of compounds that contain carbon. • This branch was started as the result of the experiments of Wohler.

18. Physical Chemistry • The study of relationships between matter and energy. • This branch was originally developed by Laviosier.

19. Theoretical Chemistry • The use of computers and mathematics to predict the properties of new compounds.

20. These branches tend to overlap each other, and a chemist may specialize in one but work in several at any given time. • Regardless of the branch of chemistry being studied, there are two terms every chemist must be familiar with. • Chemicals: A chemical is any substance with a definite composition. • Molecule: A molecule is the smallest unit of a chemical that has the properties of that chemical.

21. Types of Chemical Research

22. Basic Research • Research that is carried out only for the sake of increasing knowledge.

23. Applied Research • Research carried out to solve a problem.

24. Technological Development • Production of goods or services that improve someone’s quality of life.

25. Section 1-2 Matter and its Properties

26. What is Matter? • Matter is any substance that has mass and volume. • Mass – a measurement of the amount of matter an object has. • Volume – the amount of space an object occupies.

27. All matter is made up of atoms. • An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. • An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom.

28. Another type of pure substance is a compound • A compound is a substance that is made of two or more elements which are chemically bonded.

29. All substances have characteristic properties • There are two main types of properties. • Extensive Properties – Properties that depend on the amount of matter present. • Intensive Properties – Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present.

30. Intensive Properties are further divided into two more categories. • Physical Properties/Physical Changes – A characteristic or a change that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. • A change of state is a physical property. This is the change of a substance from one state of matter to another. • Chemical Properties/Chemical Changes – A characteristic or change that can only be observed by changing the identity of the substance. • Chemical Changes are also called chemical reactions.

31. There are three common states of matter

32. Solid • Matter with definite shape and volume. • Particles are packed close together. • Particle motion is only slight vibrations. • Incompressible. • Expand and contract only a little.

33. Liquid • Matter with definite volume but no definite shape. • Particles are close, but can flow past each other. • Incompressible. • Expand and Contract only a little.

34. Gas • Matter with no definite shape or volume. • Little attraction between particles, and a lot of open space. • Very fast and free particle motion. • Compressible. • Expand and Contract a great deal.

35. Chemical Reaction • Described by a chemical formula. • Starting materials are called Reactants. • Ending materials are called Products. • The following is a sample chemical formula: • Hydrogen + Oxygen  Water • Chemical reactions almost always involve a change in energy.

36. Law of Conservation of Energy • In a chemical reaction or physical change of state, energy is neither created, nor destroyed; only conserved.

37. Matter can be classified into two groups • The first is pure substances, we have already talked about these. These are substances whose composition is the same throughout and does not vary from sample to sample. These are elements and compounds. • The second type of matter is a mixture. This is a physical blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own unique properties.

38. There are two types of mixtures • The first is called homogenous. These are mixtures that have a uniform composition. • Homogenous mixtures are often called solutions. • An example of a homogenous mixture would be salt water.

39. There are two types of mixtures • The second type is a heterogeneous mixture. These are mixtures that do not have a uniform composition. • An example of this would be a salad.

40. All mixtures can be separated by ordinary physical means. • You do not need to do any chemical reactions to separate a mixture. • Each part of a mixture is called a phase. • Homogenous mixtures have only one phase. • Heterogeneous mixtures must have two or more phases.

41. Section 1-3 Elements

42. Every element has individual properties • They are organized into groups based on similar properties on the periodic table. • Vertical columns are called families or groups, which contain elements with similar properties. • Horizontal rows are called periods, which separate elements with similar properties. • For more information, visit www.webelements.com

43. There are two main divisions of elements on the periodic table • Group A elements – These are known as the representative elements, because each of the three known types of elements are found there. These are the tall columns of the periodic table. • Group B elements – These are known as transition metals, because only metals are found in this group. These are the shorter columns in the middle and at the bottom of the periodic table.

44. There are three main types of elements on the periodic table. • Metals • Nonmetals • Metalloids

45. Metals • Shiny or lustrous • Good conductors of heat and electricity. • Usually solids at room temperature. • Malleable – Can be pounded into shapes. • Ductile – Can be drawn into wires. • Found at left and center of periodic table.

46. Nonmetals • Can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. • Brittle. • Poor Conductors of heat and electricity. • Found on the right side of the periodic table, and includes hydrogen on the left.

47. Metalloids • Share properties of both metals and nonmetals. • All are solids at room temperature. • Brittle. • Shiny or Lustrous. • Semiconductors. • Found touching stair step line on a side.

48. Noble Gases • Group 8A elements. • Very unreactive. • All gases at room temperature. • Very stable. • Also called inert gases. • Light brightly when electric current is passed through them.

50. Chapter 2 Measurement and Calculations