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Energy Releasing Pathways ATP

Energy Releasing Pathways ATP. Aerobic Respiration. A redox process Glucose contains energy that can be converted to ATP Uses oxygen therefore aerobic. Cellular Energy Transfer. Cells transfer energy by redox reactions Remember: oxidation is the loss of electrons

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Energy Releasing Pathways ATP

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  1. Energy Releasing PathwaysATP

  2. Aerobic Respiration • A redox process • Glucose contains energy that can be converted to ATP • Uses oxygen therefore aerobic

  3. Cellular Energy Transfer • Cells transfer energy by redox reactions • Remember: • oxidation is the loss of electrons • reductions is the gain of electrons • Oxidation involves loss of energy • Reduction involves the gain of energy

  4. Aerobic Respiration- Redox • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O  6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy • Water is both a reactant and a product • Glucose is oxidized to form CO2 • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O  6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy • Oxygen is reduced, forming water • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O  6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy • The electrons produced are used to form ATP oxidation reduction

  5. Aerobic Respiration- 4 Stages • Glycolysis • Formation of acetyl coenzyme A • Citric Acid Cycle • Electron transport system and chemiosmosis

  6. Glycolysis • Glucose is converted to 2 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate • ATP and NADH are formed • Occurs in the cytosol • Yellow- products • Green- reactants

  7. Glycolysis Pyruvate Yield • Glycolysis means “sugar splitting” • One 6-carbon molecule is converted to two 3-carbon molecules • Occurs in cytosol • Occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions • A series of reactions; each catalyzed by a different enzyme • Glucose yields two pyruvates

  8. Glycolysis • First phase requires ATP investment 2 ATPs used G3P

  9. PHASE 1 Glucose 2 ATPs used Fructose- 1,6-diphosphate 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

  10. Glycolysis • Second phase yields NADH and ATP

  11. PHASE 2 G3P G3P Pyruvate Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP

  12. Pyruvate to acetyl CoA • A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate (carbon dioxide is produced) • NADH is produced • acetyl group joins with coenzyme A forming acetyl CoA • Coenzyme A is made from pantothenic acid

  13. Pyruvate Coenzyme A + NADH + CO2 acetyl CoA

  14. Glycolysis acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle

  15. Acetyl Coenzyme A • Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA • NADH is produced • Carbon dioxide is a waste product • Occurs in the mitochondria • Yellow- products • Green- reactants

  16. 2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA ----> 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 carbon dioxide

  17. Citric Acid Cycle • Oxidizes acetyl CoA • Also known as Krebs cycle • Occurs in mitochondria (matrix) • Series of steps ultimately reforming oxaloacetate • All of the energy of glucose is carried by NADH and FADH2

  18. Citric Acid Cycle • Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • Citrate undergoes conversions, ultimately re-forming exaloacetate • Carbon dioxide is a waste product • ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced

  19. Acetyl CoA oxaloacetate + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

  20. One Turn of Citric Acid Cycle* • 2C molecule enters the cycle & joins a 4C molecule. • In a series of steps, the remaining H andhigh energy e- are removed from the 2C. • 3 NAD+ are converted into 3 NADH & 3H+. • 1 FAD is converted into 1 FADH2. • 1 ATP is made. • 2 CO2 are released. • At the end of the cycle, nothing remains of the original glucose molecule. * remember…this is x2!

  21. Types of Reactions • Dehydrogenation • Hydrogens are transferred to a coenzyme (NAD+ or FAD) • Decarboxylations • Carboxyl groups are removed from the substrate as carbon dioxide • Preparation reactions • molecules are rearranged in preparation for decarboxylations or dehydrogenations

  22. Electron Transport SystemChemiosmosis • Electrons that originated in glucose are transferred via NADH and FADH2 to a chain of electron acceptors • Hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane • ATP is produced by chemiosmosis

  23. Electron Transport Chain • Coupled to ATP synthesis • Transports e- from NADH and FADH2 to O2 Electrons  FMN  a series of cytochromes and coenzyme Q

  24. Electron Carriers • Most electron carriers carry hydrogen atoms • Electron carriers transfer energy • Electrons lose energy as they are transferred between acceptors • NAD+ is a common hydrogen acceptor is respiratory and photosynthetic pathways • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

  25. Electron Carriers • Nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) is involved in photosynthesis

  26. NAD+ is a coenzyme derived from the vitamin nicotinic acid (niacin)

  27. Electron Carriers • Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide- FAD+ is involved in cellular respiration

  28. Electron Carriers • Cytochromes- proteins containing iron

  29. Electron Transport Chain • Electrons lose energy as they pass through the chain

  30. Electron Transport Chain • Hydrogen ions (protons) are passed into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

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