Practice those Patterns of Organization

1. Practice those Patterns of Organization 1. I. The first area in the recycling plant is the collection room. II. Beyond the collection room we come to the sorting area. III. Conveyer belts from the sorting area take like materials to the processing facilities. IV. From the processing facilities, the processed raw materials are shipped to manufacturers.

3. 3. I. Communities are turning to municipal recycling programs for various reasons. II. The effects of municipal recycling programs include reduced use of landfills and reduced pollution.

4. 4. I. The United States faces a serious landfill crisis. II. The United State�s landfill crisis can be met by the adoption of mandatory recycling programs.

5. 5. I. One way to recycle is to reduce your use of packaging. II. Another way to recycle is to reuse materials whenever possible. III. A final way to recycle is to collect and turn in used materials that can be remanufactured into new material.

6. How do you avoid being boring? Developing your ideas for informative speeches

7. Advice # 1: Make A Good Start Al Gore excerpt (attention step)

8. Relate the topic to the audience State the importance of your topic Startle the audience Arouse curiosity Question the audience Begin with a quotation Tell a story Establish common ground Use humor Refer to the speech situation or context Use an analogy Do an action Do whatever you do with eye contact and confidence Gaining Attention

9. CARRP: the five tasks of an Introduction Credibility and Goodwill Attention and Interest Relate to Audience Reveal Topic Preview the Body Typical order in a speech: Attention and Relate to Audience, Reveal Topic, Credibility, Preview

10. Flawed Introductions: W p. 34 A six-year old collie lay battered and helpless by the side of the road. The car that hit her had broken her pelvis, dislocated her hip, and smashed her jaw. It had also blinded her, and she whimpered in pain and fear. Unfortunately, this true story happens much too frequently because of the growing problem of pet overpopulation. Having grown up on a farm with animals of all kinds, I care deeply about their welfare, and I have become aware through my veterinary courses how serious the problem of pet overpopulation is.

11. Advice #2 Make a Good Finish

12. Conclusions signal the end verbally non-verbally reinforce the central idea summary dramatic statement reference back to the introduction

13. Sample Flawed Conclusion Now you know about the problem of pet overpopulation. Together we can make a difference. Any questions?

14. Advice #3 Take care of the basics Building the Body of the Speech

15. Clarity of Thought/Structure Clear: Specific Purpose, Central Idea and Main Pt. Introduction, Conclusion, Connectives Engaging Audience Interest Supporting Materials Chapter 14 Advice Don�t overestimate what the audience knows Relate the topic directly to the audience Don�t be too technical Avoid abstractions Personalize your ideas

16. Practice Creating Introductions, Conclusions and Connectives

17. I. Booker T. Washington is best known for founding the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. A. The growth of Tuskegee Institute under Washington�s guidance was nothing short of phenomenal. 1. When Washington founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881, the school had only one dilapidated building and an enrollment of 40 students. 2. By the time Washington died in 1915, Tuskegee Institute occupied 2,000 acres of land, enrolled 1,500 students, and boasted a faculty of 200 instructors. � B. Today, Tuskegee Institute remains a leader in applied research and practical education. Booker T Washington Outline, W p. 34

18. II. Booker T. Washington is also known as one of the ablest speakers in American history. � A. All told, Washington delivered some 4,000 public speeches during his 30-year career as an orator. � B. Washington�s most famous speech is his �Atlanta Exposition Address� of 1895. �1. In the �Atlanta Exposition Address� Washington urged blacks to strive for economic advancement rather than to agitate for immediate social equality. 2. To this day, Washington�s speech at Atlanta remains highly controversial.� a. Some people praise the speech as a brilliant example of audience adaptation in a very difficult situation.� b. Other people condemn the speech for failing to denounce racial segregation and inequality.

19. Advice #4 Choose an Intriguing Topic and Grow It Use Humor, History & Intriguing Science

21. SNEEZING SPEECH & ANALYSIS W. p. 38

22. Introduction Analysis: Attention: curiosity is aroused in #1-3 through vivid description. Relating to Audience is limited to putting the listener into the speech with �you� and �your.� Topic is clearly revealed in the first sentence of paragraph 4. Credibility: personal experience? No expertise at all here, some goodwill? Preview: clearly signals three main points.

23. STRUCTURE OF THE BODY I. Sneezing can be understood in terms of the superstitions surrounding it throughout history. II. Sneezing can be understood as the body's complex reaction to a number of stimuli from pollen to strong emotion. III. Sneezing can be understood as something that can be done safely and politely.

24. SUPPORT MATERIALS First Main Point, paragraphs 6-12 Extended Example: story of Xenophon from the Concise Dictionary of Ancient History--nice details Extended examples across cultures: Zulu, India, western culture, (South Pacific--brief). All from Encyclopedia of Occult Sciences, Superstitions, and Folklore. Also increased credibility with citation of info from Science magazine.

25. Support Materials Second Main Point, paragraphs 13-17 Stat. 104 miles an hour--no citation; problem Fix it Examples based on the discussion in the New York Times. Example of June Clark--interesting, but no source cited.

26. Support Materials Third Main Point, paragraphs 18-19 Information in paragraph 18 is not cited. Quote from Jane Brody in the New York Times.

28. Advice #5 Use Language Well

29. Language Use Introduction: "you," and "your" preview is clear but not overly blatant. First Main Point: Concrete details and interesting word choices help to bring the story to life. The strong word choices continue: "sneezing,� is called "the nose's most conspicuous function." The language also continues to try to relate to the audience: "If you were walking down the dusty streets of Karim Nagar."

30. Language Use Second Main Point: He avoids getting overly technical; where it borders on technical he does it for humorous effect as in "overly active equilibriating mechanism." Colorful word choice continues: "rampaging predators," and "banishing intruders." Again, he addresses the audience: "If a man lunged at you with a knife.�

31. Speaking well involves choosing the best words. Accuracy means making sure you have the right word for the idea or object. Clarity means making sure you have the right word for your audience in terms of their knowledge base and listening skills. Appropriateness means that you have the right word for your audience in terms of their attitudes toward the situation, topic and speaker.

32. QUIZ 1 When you have finished you can turn it in and take a break until everyone is done. Afterwards we�ll pick up Visual Aids and Delivery Helps.

33. Advice #6 Use Quality Resources Take a hint from Stephen Colbert, Wikipedia is not always reliable

34. Identify author Identify sponsoring organization if you can�t identify author or sponsoring org., don�t use the document! Determine recency copyright date publication date date of last revisions Will using this source help or hurt my credibility? Evaluating Internet Documents

35. Advice #7: Use Visual Aids and Good Delivery to Help

36. Visual aids can add a great deal to the speech when nicely integrated. But don�t let your visual aid substitute for the speech. Visual aids can add attention and interest, but they can also distract. Never pass around a visual aid during a formal speaking engagement. Show it while talking about it; but leave it up long enough for all listeners to take in Use common sense (no fires, weapons, live animals, no graphic images, etc..) Use Visual Aids to Help Communicate

37. Example of a Visual Aid:Line Graph

38. Aim for a professional look. Make sure whatever aid you use is large enough for all to see. Practice delivery with it. Know how you can best refer to it while you speak. Practice the mechanics of it. Additional tips in T ch. 13 and W p. 35. More Visual Aid Tips

39. Example of a Visual Aid:Drawing

40. Visual Aids in Speech Examples Roller Coaster Speech (video) Gore speech (PowerPoint+)

41. I. Roller coasters offer a thrill that American�s love. II. Roller coasters have had an up-and-down history. III. Roller coasters at today�s parks offer a wide variety of designs and thrills. IV. Roller coasters of the future will feature new developments like the pipeline. Sample Informative Speech

42. Preview: �Today I would like to discuss America�s addiction to the thrill of roller coaster riding and then present to you the past, present and future of the roller coaster�.� Connectives Thrill-seeker or not, the question most of us ask ourselves as we are nearing the top of a coaster�s incline is, �Who would ever build such a contraption?� (transition) Clarity and Structure

43. �Let�s take a look at some of today�s hottest rides.� �First,� �Next we travel,� �Now we venture,� �Finally,� (signposts) �So far we have seen�.� (internal summary) �In conclusion�� Support Materials Smithsonian Magazine; Professor Farley; leading designer of roller coasters; and video Clarity, Structure and Substance

44. Additional Choices by Speaker? Critique strengths and weaknesses

45. How to work toward an extemporaneous style.

46. Elocutionary Movement 18th-19th century A scientific approach to delivery Gilbert Austin�s Chironomia,1806 Elocutionists had rules for Stance Broad gestures Fingers Eyebrows Delsarte�s system introduced in the 1880s kept this alive

48. The Speaker�s Body Matters Personal appearance is important. Physical stance is important. Gestures, eye contact and facial expressiveness are important. �People trust their ears less than their eyes.� Nonverbal Delivery Matters

49. The Speaker�s Voice Matters Pitch, rate, pauses, inflection, pronunciation, and articulation are the critical terms. Paralanguage refers to the manipulation of these variables to make a single sentence have a variety of meanings. Nonverbal Delivery Matters

50. Rehearse the speech out loud with the preparation outline. Develop a speaking outline (see workbook pp. 29-31) Practice aloud using the speaking outline (and put it down too) Practice Advice

51. Polish and refine your delivery by practicing with others or recording your performance. Arrange for a dress rehearsal so you are familiar with your space. To do all of this requires two things finishing the speech content & structure early aiming to communicate your ideas, not deliver a speech Practice Advice

52. Sample Introductions Chili Peppers excerpt (full CARRP) Al Gore excerpt (attention step)

53. Speech Analysis: Dying To Be Thin Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the serious, potentially fatal disorder, anorexia. Central Idea: Anorexia is a serious disorder that has serious consequences for its victims, several major causes and several possible treatments.

54. Structure I. Anorexia is a serious disorder that has serious consequences for its victims. II. Anorexia is a serious disorder that has several possible causes. III. Anorexia is a serious disorder that has several possible treatments.

55. Speech Development: Support Materials Introduction strong specific example: Julie strong startling statistics: �one in every 100� and the New York Times says it is growing�.

56. Body I First Main Point Definition: anorexia nervosa is a disorder of self-starvation. Maclean�s magazine lists 4 common characteristics Description: hair becomes brittle, etc. Sports Illustrated says� (paraphrase) example of Julie referred to again

57. Body II Second main point (3 causes) Newsweek notes society�s image obsession Dying to Please notes the personality causes. Doctors at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine have found a physiological cause. Julie example.

58. Body III Third Main Point (treatments) Dr. Katherine Halmi quote New York Times statistics on relapses Angie Melnyk quote (peer testimony) Conclusion summary reference back to the Julie example

59. Relating to the Audience Introduction personal credibility helps does strike men, but 44 percent of victims are college-females Use of the Julie example throughout since it personalizes the topic. Using questions for connectives may help some listeners.