The Rise of Industrialism

1. The Rise of Industrialism Transparency Notes

2. Pre-Industrial Society • Farming in the Middle Ages • Subsistence Farming • One of three fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility • Peasants shared strips in each section • Common pastures for grazing animals • No fences = ruined crops • Spread disease faster • Disadvantages • Inefficient land use • Farmers didn’t experiment with new farming methods • Forces for Change • Population growing – more food needed • Britain nearly doubles during 18th Century • French blockade – no corn – more food needed • Search for new farming methods • Assessment = Create Visual Flow Chart

3. The Agricultural Revolution • Enclosure movement (17th & 18th Century) • Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures • Raised sheep for wool • Experimented with new farming methods • Villagers lost common lands = poorer farmers • Crop rotation (Scientific Farming) • Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop could be replenished by planting different crops • Clover, alfalfa, pod-bearing • Less waste of land; better production • Discoveries • Seed drill = more effective & efficient planting • New crops • Indian corn (maize) = 20x more seeds • Potato • grows anywhere in large quantities • High nutrition

5. Cottage Industry & Early Capitalism

6. Cottage Industry & Early Capitalism • Cottage Industry = early form of Capitalism • Merchants reaction to buyers’ demands for manufactured products • Capitalism = An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market • Advantages: • No expensive equipment • No time clock • Income offset poor harvests • Workers control amount of work • Merchants earn large profits • Disadvantages: • Homes became crowded & dirtier • Young children worked as well

7. The Textile / Factory System • Textile Industry Invented • Cottage Industry couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles • New Inventions: • Spinning jenny, spinning mule & water frame improved spinning.

8. Power Loom sped up weaving • Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) separated seeds from cotton

9. “Necessity is the mother of invention” • Each invention improved upon a previous model • Machines become larger, faster, expensive and require more than human power to operate • Require factories to house them • Factories located near power sources (water, coal, iron) • Workers ‘GO’ to work rather than work coming to them

10. Effects of the Factory System • Prices on mass produced ‘machine goods’ were lower than ‘hand-produced goods’ • People become factory ‘workers’ rather than skilled craftsmen as they are trained in one specific repetitive task • Workers lose autonomy as owners control wages, hours & working conditions • England experiences huge economic growth in the 1800’s • In 1815 = 250,000 hand-loom weavers • In 1860 = 3,000 hand-loom weavers

11. The Steam Engine

12. The Steam Engine • Developed in response to increasing need for power • Early factories used horses, oxen or water power • Limited power • Restricted factories to being built near rivers • Development credited to James Watt • Allows machines to run off steam produced by burning coal as fuel • More factories, more locations, more machines • Improves mining by removing water from flooded mines • Increases precious metals available for industry

13. Energy: Iron & Coal • The need for iron/steel (railways, tools, machines) greatly increases during the late 1700’s. • Iron production requires expensive & limited raw materials (timber & charcoal) • Discovery of coal and its variant, coke, as replacements help meet demands • Plentiful sources of coal in Britain allow it to produce more iron than all other countries combined • Coal powers Britain's huge navy

14. Transportation • Need for Better Transportation • Increased production increases need to transport goods quickly & cheaply • Pre-industrial society used horses, mules & dirt roads • Inventions • Stone and eventually asphalt roads (1830=20K miles) • Canals • Railroads starting in 1829 (the Rocket; George Stephenson) • Effects of the Railroad • Expand rapidly through Britain • Cheaper, faster & more reliable transportation increases production & profits • Railways ‘fuel’ other industries: coal, iron, steel, steam engines & manufacturing

15. Why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain? • Geography • Available raw materials in abundance (coal & iron) • Isolated from continental wars which depletes resources & causes disruption • Government • Unified culture and traditions (nationalism) • Mobile population / few internal restrictions • Encourages trade & travel • Government sponsorship of transportation improvements • Social factors / Capital ($$) • Less rigid social hierarchy • Private investment capital to jump start businesses

16. Why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain? • Colonial Empire • Provides a cheap source of raw materials • Provides a ‘closed market’ for British manufactured goods • First to Industrialize • No other countries competing for manufactured goods • Continental Europe was still recovering from the Napoleonic Era • Disruption prevents movement to industrialize • Britain develops a monopoly on technology • Legislation keeps trade secrets from leaving the country