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WHAT IS SCIENCE?

WHAT IS SCIENCE?. Science is the process of gaining KNOWLEDGE and INVESTIGATING by making OBSERVATIONS , posing QUESTIONS , and testing through EXPERIMENTATION. The Scientific Method. The car won’t start! Why won’t it start? Maybe because the tank is empty

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WHAT IS SCIENCE?

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  1. WHAT IS SCIENCE? Science is the process of gaining KNOWLEDGE and INVESTIGATING by making OBSERVATIONS, posing QUESTIONS, and testing through EXPERIMENTATION

  2. The Scientific Method • The car won’t start! • Why won’t it start? • Maybe because the tank is empty • If I fill the tank, then the car • should start. • Test your hypothesis: fill the tank • It works? Your hypothesis was correct. • What if it doesn’t work?

  3. It still won’t start - Test a NEW hypothesis: • New hypothesis: The battery is dead. • Test:Change the battery • New hypothesis: The starter is broken. • Test: Change the starter.

  4. The Scientific Method 1. PROBLEM – question to be studied Observation – Using senses to gather information Making INFERENCES – Using reasoning to come to a conclusion based on observations Examples…

  5. Observation vs. Inference Statement Observation Inference X Object A is round and orange. X Object A is used in basketball. X Object C is round and black and white. X Object C is larger than Object B. X Object B is smooth. X Object B is used in table-tennis. X X Each object is used in a different sport.

  6. 2. HYPOTHESIS – educated guess to answer the problem *** MUST be TESTABLE*** 3. PREDICTION – what you expect to happen if the hypothesis is true

  7. 4. EXPERIMENT – test of the hypothesis A. Control – standard used for comparison B. Variables 1. Manipulated/Independent – factor that experimenter changes 2. Dependent/Responding – result of the change (depends on variable above) 3. Controlled – factors kept constant ***Ask yourself “Does this variable depend on the other?” REMEMBER: MIX and DRY C. Data Collection 1. QUANTITATIVE – numerical data, quantity 2. QUALITATIVE – descriptive data

  8. 5. CONCLUSION – summary of the results of the experiment ***Evaluates the hypothesis*** 6. THEORY – a tested hypothesis over time that becomes an accepted scientific principle *Always subject to revision or replacement!

  9. Designing an Experiment State the Problem Analyze Results - Graph Form a Hypothesis Draw a Conclusion Set Up a Controlled Experiment Record Results – Data Table

  10. WHAT IS “BIOLOGY”? “study of life”

  11. Pasteur’s Experiment – finally accepted that spontaneous generation DOES NOT occur!!! Broth is boiled. Broth is free of microorganisms for a year. Curved neck is removed. Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

  12. Examples of the application of biological knowledge • Prevention and cure of illness • Production of medicine • Agriculture • Sustained management of wildlife or fisheries • Planned population growth

  13. EXAMPLE: Ulcers and Bacteria Knowledge: Infections by bacteria can lead to ulcers. Prediction: Removal of these bacteria will cure the ulcer. Action (treatment) to cure ulcers: Antibiotics Most ulcers are caused by bacteria, not stress.

  14. EXAMPLE: Carbon dioxide and Heat Knowledge: Gases like CO2 hold heat effectively. Prediction: With higher CO2 levels the atmosphere gets warmer. Action to reduce global warming: Reduction in CO2 production. Burning of fossil fuels is likely causing global warming.

  15. What does it mean to say something is ALIVE? Characteristics of Living Things • Made of cells • Reproduce • Based on a universal genetic code • Grow and develop • Obtain and use materials and energy • Respond to their environment • Maintain a stable internal environment • Taken as a group, living things change over time

  16. Living things are… Made of Cells

  17. Living things have… The ability to reproduce

  18. Living things are… Based on a Universal Genetic Code: DNA

  19. Living things … Grow and Develop

  20. Living things … Obtain and Use Energy - METABOLISM

  21. Living things… Respond to the Environment– Stimulus

  22. Living things … Maintain a stable internal environment HOMEOSTASIS

  23. Living things undergo… Evolutionary Adaptation: Species change over time

  24. Examples Characteristic 1. Living things are made up of units called cells. A. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light. B. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular. 2. Living things reproduce. 3. Living things obtain and use materials and energy. C. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. 4. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. D. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert. 5. Taken as a group, living things change over time. 6. Living things respond to their environment. E. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding. 7. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. F. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees. 8. Living things grow and develop. G. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature. H. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.

  25. How are living things ORGANIZED and STUDIED?

  26. Levels of Organization Organism Individual living thing Bison Groups of Cells Tissues, organs, and organ systems Nervous tissue Brain Nervous system Nerve cell Smallest functional unit of life Cells DNA Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Water Molecules

  27. Cellular Organization CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM Categorize the following: Circulatory system Heart Human Muscle cell Cardiac muscle

  28. CELL – MUSCLE CELL TISSUE – CARDIAC MUSCLE ORGAN – HEART SYSTEM – CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ORGANISM - HUMAN

  29. MICROSCOPES LIGHT Microscopes • Use beams of light • Magnify up to 1500X ELECTRON Microscopes • Use beams of electrons to magnify thousands of times • Living things cannot be viewed

  30. MICROSCOPE VIEWS

  31. LIGHT Microscopesuse a series of glass lenses to bend light waves and create a magnified image

  32. Scanning Electron Microscopes create the magnified images by using electrons instead of light waves • 3-D • External Images • Black and white

  33. Can you guess what it is? Pick one!

  34. The vane of a bird's feather consists of a series of barbs that connect together by hooked barbules. Like a zipper, each barb is connected to the adjacent one, creating a solid vane.

  35. Can you guess what it is? Pick one!

  36. The tapeworm clings to its hosts intestine by the hooks and suckers on its head. The tapeworm has no mouth; nutrients are absorbed throughout the tapeworm’s body wall.

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